Lignocellulose materials for supercapacitor and battery electrodes: A review

Lignin Derived Porous Carbons: Synthesis Methods and Supercapacitor Applications

“…Lignin is the most abundant aromatic natural polymer on earth, which has been used to synthesize various functional carbonaceous materials. [ 18–25 ] Lignin is an amorphous 3D macromolecule composed of methoxylated phenylpropanoid units by ether bonds and carbon‐carbon bonds. The concentration of lignin in natural biomass is in the range of 15–30 wt% which depends highly on the type of natural plants.…”

“…On the other hand, there are many kinds of lignin derivatives, which need different synthesis methodologies to produce LDPCs. [ 24 ] Therefore, it is of significance for us to critically summarize the state‐of‐art synthesis methodologies used to produce LDPCs for future supercapacitor applications.…”

Preparation of Porous Carbons Using NaOH, K2CO3, Na2CO3 and Na2S2O3 Activating Agents and Their Supercapacitor Application: A Comparative Study

“…Conceptually, several requirements are needed to obtain high capacitive performance of electrode materials, namely (i) high surface area – to deliver large specific capacitance; (ii) large amount of micropores – to introduce electroactive sites and/or interfaces for electrolyte ions store within the pore, (iii) high mesopores/macropores – as diffusion channels or transport of electrolyte ions through the charging/discharging processes. The hierarchical porosity including micro, meso and macropore within the carbon framework provides the above mentioned features [12,13] . It has been noted that the chemical activation strategy has been recognized as the most effective and convenient method to generate biomass‐derived hierarchically porous carbon.…”

Lignin biopolymer: the material of choice for advanced lithium-based batteries

“…The major aim of this review is to emphasize the use of lignin as an improvised battery material in accessible available lithium battery systems. However, there have been few reviews explaining the application of lignocellulosic biomass as an active component in different EESs; [10][11][12][13][14][15] but, our focus is mainly on up-to-date advances related to the electrochemical performance of lignin in Li-based systems as an active electrode (cathode/anode), binder, electrolyte and a major carbon source. This review mainly attributes lignin as a replacement to well-known frequently used expensive and harsh battery materials.…”