Lignin: untapped biopolymers in biomass conversion technologies

Ayyachamy, Manimaran; Cliffe, Finola E.; Coyne, Jessica M.; Collier, John M.; Tuohy, Maria G.

doi:10.1007/s13399-013-0084-4

Cited by 93 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 125 publications

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“…12, it was found that the main CH cross-peaks/signals of Indulin AT lignin correspond to the guaiacol ring (G) and the recognised substitution pattern of softwood kraft lignin, i.e. G 2 , G 5 and G 6 . It can further be seen that depolymerised lignin-residue A-exhibited a pattern of cross-peaks different than that of Indulin AT lignin.…”

Section: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Firstly, lignin is heterogeneous in the sense that various plants build their lignin structures with different proportions of the constitutive building blocks. Basically, its streams differ in structure depending majorly on the method of isolation and source of plant [6]. Secondly, the cross-linking patterns are substantially stochastically created, and the lignin macromolecule is connected to the hemicellulose within the plant as well.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Continuous catalytic depolymerisation and conversion of industrial kraft lignin into low-molecular-weight aromatics

Abdelaziz

Tunå

et al. 2017

Biomass Conv. Bioref.

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Base-catalysed depolymerisation of lignin using sodium hydroxide has been shown to be an effective approach towards exploiting industrial (technical) lignins within the pulp and paper industry. In the present work, a pine kraft lignin (Indulin AT) which is precipitated from black liquor of linerboard-grade pulp was depolymerised via base catalysis to produce lowmolecular-mass aromatics without any organic solvent/capping agent in a continuous-flow reactor setup for the first time. The catalytic conversion of lignin was performed/screened at temperatures varying from 170 to 250°C, using NaOH/lignin weight ratio ≈ 1 with 5 wt% lignin solids loadings for residence times of 1, 2 and 4 min, respectively, with comprehensive characterisation of substrate and produced reaction mixtures. The products were characterised using size exclusion chromatography (SEC), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and supercritical fluid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (SFC-MS). The optimum operating conditions for such depolymerisation appeared to be at 240°C and 30 h −1 , yielding the highest concentration of low-molecular-weight phenolics below the coking point. It was also found that the depolymerised lignin products exhibited better chemical stability during long-term storage at lower temperatures (~4°C).

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Section: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuous catalytic depolymerisation and conversion of industrial kraft lignin into low-molecular-weight aromatics

Abdelaziz

Tunå

et al. 2017

Biomass Conv. Bioref.

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“…1,2 Currently, the majority of kraft lignin is burned as fuel. 2,5 Recently, commercial kraft lignin production plants have been developed by WestFraser company in Alberta, Canada, using LignoForce technology 6 and by Domtar using Lignoboost technology in North South Carolina, USA. For example, Meadol soda lignin and MeadWestvaco kraft lignin have been produced in the US since the 1940s, kraft lignin and lignosulfonate were also produced in Canada and Sweden for many years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water soluble kraft lignin–acrylic acid copolymer: synthesis and characterization

et al. 2015

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Lignin produced in the kraft pulping process is insoluble in water at neutral pH, which limits its application in industry. In this paper, kraft lignin (KL) was copolymerized with acrylic acid (AA) in an aqueous solution to produce a water soluble lignin-based copolymer. The copolymerization was carried out using K 2 S 2 O 8 -Na 2 S 2 O 3 as the initiator under alkaline aqueous conditions, and the influence of the reaction parameters, i.e. initiator dosage, reaction time and temperature, mole ratio of acrylic acid to lignin and reaction concentration, on resultant lignin copolymers were investigated. The mechanism of copolymerization of kraft lignin with acrylic acid was also discussed in this work. The resultant lignin copolymer was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometry and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The successful copolymerization of AA and KL was confirmed by the new absorption peak of carboxyl anions in the FTIR spectrum and new peaks in the 1 H-NMR spectrum. At optimal conditions, the charge density and molecular weight of lignin copolymer reached 1.86 meq g −1 and 46 421 g mol −1 , respectively, and the solubility of lignin after reaction was increased from 1.80 g L −1 to 100 g L −1 at neutral pH. † Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See

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“…However, microorganisms with appropriate enzymatic machinery for metabolizing many different types of aromatic compounds provide unique pathways to address the issue -if manipulated appropriately. A select few microorganisms have been identified that have ability to degrade complex substrates that contain lignin; these organisms include both fungi (Goodell 2003;Thevenot et al 2010;Ayyachamy et al 2013) and bacteria (Wang et al 2013;Brown and Chang 2014). Sphingomonas paucimobilis SYK-6, which was isolated from pulping wastewater, has the ability to completely degrade a variety of low-molecular weight aromatic compounds, although to date only a few select purified aromatic compounds have been used as substrates in research with this organism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineered Microbial Production of 2-Pyrone-4,6-Dicarboxylic Acid from Lignin Residues for Use as an Industrial Platform Chemical

Qian¹,

Otsuka²,

Sonoki³

et al. 2016

BioResources

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As one of the most abundant materials in nature, lignin has been used widely in co-generation operations and for fine chemicals and bio-fuels production. These uses, although important, are of relatively low value. Lignin contains many aromatic compounds with useful structures, and it is potentially more profitable to produce high-value fine chemicals from the low-molecular weight lignin fraction while using the high-molecular weight fraction for fuel or other applications. A transgenic P. putida bacterial strain PDHV85 was developed with the capability to convert vanillin, vanillic acid, and syringaldehyde to 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid (PDC), a novel platform chemical that can produce a variety of bio-based polymers. Initial testing with vanillin showed promise for lignin conversion. Testing for this, we used kraft lignin, Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica), or birch (Betula platyphylla) to represent some of the most abundant industrial lignin sources from softwood and hardwood. Repeated manipulation of culture conditions and strain adaptation allowed conversion of these extracts to PDC by PDHV85, which has not previously been reported in a bacterial strain. No inhibition was observed at 0.14 mg/mL kraft lignin extract, 1.14 mg/mL Japanese cedar extract, nor 1.15 mg/mL birch extract when using the optimized growth conditions.

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Lignin: untapped biopolymers in biomass conversion technologies

Cited by 93 publications

References 125 publications

Continuous catalytic depolymerisation and conversion of industrial kraft lignin into low-molecular-weight aromatics

Continuous catalytic depolymerisation and conversion of industrial kraft lignin into low-molecular-weight aromatics

Water soluble kraft lignin–acrylic acid copolymer: synthesis and characterization

Engineered Microbial Production of 2-Pyrone-4,6-Dicarboxylic Acid from Lignin Residues for Use as an Industrial Platform Chemical

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