Lignin, the Lignification Process, and Advanced, Lignin-Based Materials

Abstract

At a time when environmental considerations are increasingly pushing for the application of circular economy concepts in materials science, lignin stands out as an under-used but promising and environmentally benign building block. This review focuses (A) on understanding what we mean with lignin, i.e., where it can be found and how it is produced in plants, devoting particular attention to the identity of lignols (including ferulates that are instrumental for integrating lignin with cell wall polysaccharides) and to the details of their coupling reactions and (B) on providing an overview how lignin can actually be employed as a component of materials in healthcare and energy applications, finally paying specific attention to the use of lignin in the development of organic shape-memory materials.

Квантово-Хімічне Обґрунтування Іч Абсорбційних Характеристик Деяких Структурних Фрагментів Макромолекул Лігніну

“…Загальні структурні елементи лігнінів, зокрема у випадку м'якої деревини, походять від транс-коніферилового спирту, тоді як решта складається переважно із транс-пкумарилового. Навпаки, лігніни листяних порід складаються з транс-коніферилового та транс-синапілового спиртів у різних співвідношеннях [9]. Структурні блоки лігніну з'єднуються між собою етерними та карбонкарбоновими зв'язками, причому перші домінують як у м'якій, так й твердій деревині [10][11][12].…”

Removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution using ball mill modified biochar: multivariate modeling, optimization and experimental study

“…In addition, the ball milling method can also make the oxygen-containing functional groups be more conducive to the adsorption and reduction of Cr(VI) by changing the type and content of functional groups on the surface of biochar 24 , 25 . Carboxyl and hydroxyl groups can adsorb Cr(VI) through complexation, while alcohol-OH and phenol-OH can provide electrons in the redox process, directly reducing Cr(VI) to Cr(III), and oxidizing it to carbonyl (C=O) and quinone structure 26 , 27 . Although many researchers have done a lot of research in this area in recent years, the adsorption behavior of Cr(VI) on biochar surface functional groups is still unclear and needs further study.…”

The Effects of NPK Fertilizer and Coconut Husk Ash as Ameliorant on Growth and Photosynthetic Rate of Oil Palm Seedlings in Peat Media

“…Coconut husk waste can be used as an ameliorant to enhance soil quality by burning to obtain ash containing a high pH (11.77%) and total K content (21.87%), as well as low C-Organic (0.01%), total N (0.03%), and total P (2.31%), with good cation exchange capacity value of 13.29 me/100g. Furthermore, its main components are lignin and cellulose, which require a long time to be naturally decomposed along with hemicellulose and pectin by microbes [7]. The production of 1 kg each of coconut husk and cocopeat requires five coconuts, while 1 kg of husk dust requires 16 [8].…”