“…Recently, The Cu metal has been shown the high effective because it can be utilized in wider pH range [ 18 ]. Sriprom et al (2023) have successfully decomposed lignin using Cu/MCM-41 in the Fenton-like reaction, with the activity increasing at higher pH levels due to the role of copper [ 21 ]. Numerous studies have endeavored to improve catalyst performance by synthesizing Cu–Fe bimetal composites, a pursuit aimed at augmenting catalytic activity.…”