Lignin–phenol–formaldehyde resin adhesives prepared with biorefinery technical lignins

Yang, Sheng; Zhang, Yue; Yuan, Tong‐Qi; Sun, Run‐Cang

doi:10.1002/app.42493

Cited by 100 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Fortunately, due to the good water solubility of the synthesized resin products, their viscosity could be adjusted to an acceptable level using water without blemishing the performance of the final products. Similar conclusion has been reported in our previous study [48–50]. …”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Interestingly, the bonding strength of both plywoods (1.14 and 1.04 MPa for samples prepared with ALPF and EHRPF, respectively) met the standard for exterior-grade panels (first grade, >0.7 MPa), and the formaldehyde emissions of the corresponding plywoods were all below 0.5 mg L −1 (0.14 and 0.21 mg L −1 for samples prepared with ALPF and EHRPF, respectively), meeting E 0 grade (<0.5 mg L −1 ) plywood requirements under Chinese National Standard GB/T 9846.3-2004 (Plywood-Part 3: General Specification for plywood for general use). It was also found that the performance of the plywoods prepared with either LPF were similar to that of the plywoods prepared with other LPF resins at the same lignin substitution level [50]. Thus, these two LPF resins could be utilized as low-toxicity wood adhesives to prepare both exterior plywood and interior E 0 -grade panels.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The lignin fractions (AL and EHR) obtained from the 4% alcoholic NaOH integral biorefinery process were used to synthesize LPF resins (ALPF and EHRPF resins) using the same procedure as our previously reported study [50]. The substitution rate of lignin to phenol was set as 40% (w/w) and the mole ratio of the phenol to formaldehyde was 1:1.8 for LPF resin preparation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Valorization of lignin and cellulose in acid-steam-exploded corn stover by a moderate alkaline ethanol post-treatment based on an integrated biorefinery concept

Yang

Zhang

Wen

et al. 2016

Biotechnol Biofuels

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BackgroundDue to the unsustainable consumption of fossil resources, great efforts have been made to convert lignocellulose into bioethanol and commodity organic compounds through biological methods. The conversion of cellulose is impeded by the compactness of plant cell wall matrix and crystalline structure of the native cellulose. Therefore, appropriate pretreatment and even post-treatment are indispensable to overcome this problem. Additionally, an adequate utilization of coproduct lignin will be important for improving the economic viability of modern biorefinery industries.ResultsThe effectiveness of moderate alkaline ethanol post-treatment on the bioconversion efficiency of cellulose in the acid-steam-exploded corn stover was investigated in this study. Results showed that an increase of the alcoholic sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration from 0.05 to 4% led to a decrease in the lignin content in the post-treated samples from 32.8 to 10.7%, while the cellulose digestibility consequently increased. The cellulose conversion of the 4% alcoholic NaOH integrally treated corn stover reached up to 99.3% after 72 h, which was significantly higher than that of the acid steam exploded corn stover without post-treatment (57.3%). In addition to the decrease in lignin content, an expansion of cellulose I lattice induced by the 4% alcoholic NaOH post-treatment played a significant role in promoting the enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover. More importantly, the lignin fraction (AL) released during the 4% alcoholic NaOH post-treatment and the lignin-rich residue (EHR) remained after the enzymatic hydrolysis of the 4% alcoholic NaOH post-treated acid-steam-exploded corn stover were employed to synthesize lignin-phenol-formaldehyde (LPF) resins. The plywoods prepared with the resins exhibit satisfactory performances.ConclusionsAn alkaline ethanol system with an appropriate NaOH concentration could improve the removal of lignin and modification of the crystalline structure of cellulose in acid-steam-exploded corn stover, and consequently significantly improve the conversion of cellulose through enzymatic hydrolysis for biofuel production. The lignin fractions obtained as byproducts could be applied in high performance LPF resin preparation. The proposed model for the integral valorization of corn stover in this study is worth of popularization.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Valorization of lignin and cellulose in acid-steam-exploded corn stover by a moderate alkaline ethanol post-treatment based on an integrated biorefinery concept

Yang

Zhang

Wen

et al. 2016

Biotechnol Biofuels

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Many researchers have used different modification techniques to improve the low reactivity of lignin toward formaldehyde such as: demethylation, phenolation, and methylolation . Demethylation is used to modify the chemical structure of lignin by removing one or two methoxyl groups from ortho positions in lignin structure, thus, increasing the number of reactive sites in lignin for reaction with formaldehyde .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Replacing 100% of phenol in phenolic adhesive formulations with lignin

Kalami

Arefmanesh

Master

et al. 2017

J of Applied Polymer Sci

154

117

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Lignin, produced as a byproduct of pulp and paper and bioethanol industries, is a polyphenolic compound that has excellent potential to be used as phenol replacement in phenolic adhesive formulation. In this study, the phenol portion of phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin has been replaced by an agricultural-based lignin, which was produced as a byproduct of a cellulosic bioethanol process through dilute-acid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis from corn stover. The PF resol resin was formulated using isolated lignin under alkaline condition. Chemical, physical, and thermal properties of the isolated lignin, PF resin and adhesive were measured using advanced analytical techniques such as Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), phosphorous nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 31 P NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The developed 100% lignin-based adhesive and a commercially formulated phenol resorcinol formaldehyde (PRF, as reference) were used to prepare single-lap-joint samples for mechanical testing. The plywood samples were pressed under exactly the same conditions (time, temperature, and pressure) as what recommended for the commercial PRF formulation. According to two-way ANOVA results, statistically there was no significant difference between the shear strengths of plywood samples made with 100% lignin-based adhesive and those made with the commercial PRF resin.

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“…The main interest in lignins as adhesives is due to its structural similarity to phenol, suggesting they can be used as substitutes for phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins [102]. In adhesive research, lignin is often combined with synthetic resins such as PF and/or ureaformaldehyde (UF) resins [103] to decrease cost [104] and formaldehyde emission [105].…”

Section: Ligninmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Binders for Wood Adhesives

Norström¹,

Demircan²,

Fogelström³

et al. 2018

Applied Adhesive Bonding in Science and Technology

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Today's society relies heavily on glued wood products for constructions, furniture, and floorings, for example. Essentially, all adhesives on the market are based on fossil-based resources, and many also contain formaldehyde to yield sufficient reactivity and adhesive performance. Formaldehyde is soon to be banned from consumer goods in Europe, due to its carcinogenic and allergenic features. With the rapidly growing societal environmental awareness, it becomes evident that it is crucial to seek greener, more sustainable alternatives. There is nothing new to this idea; on the contrary, prior to the advent of synthetic polymers, a range of biopolymers such as proteins and starch, were successfully used. However, since adhesives based on synthetic polymers were found to perform better, especially regarding the water resistance, the naturally sourced adhesives have had a subordinate role up until recently. The growing interest for using bio-polymers from renewable resources, such as wood/forest, corn, and cereals have spurred significant R&D developments toward the use of bio-polymers in green wood adhesives. The scope of the present chapter is to summarize, in short, some of the most recent scientific literature regarding the development of green adhesives.

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Lignin–phenol–formaldehyde resin adhesives prepared with biorefinery technical lignins

Cited by 100 publications

References 39 publications

Valorization of lignin and cellulose in acid-steam-exploded corn stover by a moderate alkaline ethanol post-treatment based on an integrated biorefinery concept

Valorization of lignin and cellulose in acid-steam-exploded corn stover by a moderate alkaline ethanol post-treatment based on an integrated biorefinery concept

Replacing 100% of phenol in phenolic adhesive formulations with lignin

Green Binders for Wood Adhesives

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