Lignin Biosynthesis

Boerjan, Wout; Ralph, John; Baucher, Marie

doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134938

Cited by 3,827 publications

(3,328 citation statements)

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“…Large woody plants produce secondary cell walls on a vastly different scale from that of herbaceous plants. Approximately 80% of woody biomass comprises cellulose and hemicellulose, with the remaining biomass primarily composed of lignin [28][29][30] . A major determinant of industrial processing efficiency lies in secondary cell wall ultrastructure, which is dependent on interactions among these biopolymers.…”

Section: Lignocellulosic Biomass Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The genome of Eucalyptus grandis

Myburg¹,

Grattapaglia²,

Tuskan³

et al. 2014

Nature

710

750

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Eucalypts are the world's most widely planted hardwood trees. Their outstanding diversity, adaptability and growth have made them a global renewable resource of fibre and energy. We sequenced and assembled .94% of the 640-megabase genome of Eucalyptus grandis. Of 36,376 predicted protein-coding genes, 34% occur in tandem duplications, the largest proportion thus far in plant genomes. Eucalyptus also shows the highest diversity of genes for specialized metabolites such as terpenes that act as chemical defence and provide unique pharmaceutical oils. Genome sequencing of the E. grandis sister species E. globulus and a set of inbred E. grandis tree genomes reveals dynamic genome evolution and hotspots of inbreeding depression. The E. grandis genome is the first reference for the eudicot order Myrtales and is placed here sister to the eurosids. This resource expands our understanding of the unique biology of large woody perennials and provides a powerful tool to accelerate comparative biology, breeding and biotechnology.A major opportunity for a sustainable energy and biomaterials economy in many parts of the world lies in a better understanding of the molecular basis of superior growth and adaptation in woody plants. Part of this opportunity involves species of Eucalyptus L'Hér, a genus of woody perennials native to Australia 1 . The remarkable adaptability of eucalypts coupled with their fast growth and superior wood properties has driven their rapid adoption for plantation forestry in more than 100 countries across six continents (.20 million ha) 2 , making eucalypts the most widely planted hardwood forest trees in the world. The subtropical E. grandis and the temperate E. globulus stand out as targets of breeding programmes worldwide. Planted eucalypts provide key renewable resources for the production of pulp, paper, biomaterials and bioenergy, while mitigating human pressures on native forests 3 . Eucalypts also have a large diversity and high concentration of essential oils (mixtures of mono-and sesquiterpenes), many of which have ecological functions as well as medicinal and industrial uses. Predominantly outcrossers 1 with hermaphroditic animal-pollinated flowers, eucalypts are highly heterozygous and display pre-and postzygotic barriers to selfing to reduce inbreeding depression for fitness and survival 4 .To mitigate the challenge of assembling a highly heterozygous genome, we sequenced the genome of 'BRASUZ1', a 17-year-old E. grandis genotype derived from one generation of selfing. The availability of annotated forest tree genomes from two separately evolving rosid lineages, Eucalyptus (order Myrtales) and Populus (order Malpighiales 5 ), in combination with genomes from domesticated woody plants (for example, Vitis, Prunus, Citrus), provides a comparative foundation for addressing

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Section: Lignocellulosic Biomass Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The genome of Eucalyptus grandis

Myburg¹,

Grattapaglia²,

Tuskan³

et al. 2014

Nature

710

750

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…To identify the genes involved in the biosynthesis of lignin, a structural component of the secondary cell wall, we investigated the analogous set of genes involved in the phenylpropanoid and lignin biosynthetic pathways 27,28 (Supplementary Fig. 12c,d and Supplementary Table 14b).…”

Section: E T T E R Smentioning

confidence: 99%

The draft genome of the fast-growing non-timber forest species moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla)

et al. 2013

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l e t t e r sBamboo represents the only major lineage of grasses that is native to forests and is one of the most important nontimber forest products in the world. However, no species in the Bambusoideae subfamily has been sequenced. Here, we report a high-quality draft genome sequence of moso bamboo (P. heterocycla var. pubescens). The 2.05-Gb assembly covers 95% of the genomic region. Gene prediction modeling identified 31,987 genes, most of which are supported by cDNA and deep RNA sequencing data. Analyses of clustered gene families and gene collinearity show that bamboo underwent whole-genome duplication 7-12 million years ago. Identification of gene families that are key in cell wall biosynthesis suggests that the whole-genome duplication event generated more gene duplicates involved in bamboo shoot development. RNA sequencing analysis of bamboo flowering tissues suggests a potential connection between droughtresponsive and flowering genes.Bamboo is one of the most important non-timber forest products in the world. About 2.5 billion people depend economically on bamboo, and international trade in bamboo amounts to over 2.5 billion US dollars per year 1 . Bamboo has a rather striking life history, characterized by a prolonged vegetative phase lasting decades before flowering, thereby inhibiting genetic improvement. Recent genomic studies in bamboo have included genome-wide full-length cDNA sequencing 2 , chloroplast genome sequencing 3 , identification of syntenic genes between bamboo and other grasses 4 and phylogenetic analysis of Bambusoideae subspecies 5 . Fifty-nine simple sequence repeat markers from rice and sugarcane were used in the genetic diversity analyses of 23 bamboo species 6 , and 2 species-specific sequence-characterized amplified region markers were developed in the identification of different bamboo species 7 .Here, we report the draft genome of moso bamboo, a large woody bamboo that has ecological, economic and cultural value in Asia and accounts for ~70% of the total bamboo growth area. Comparative genome-wide analyses of bamboo to other grass species, including rice, maize and sorghum, yielded new genetic insights into the rapid and marked phenotypic and ecological divergence of bamboo and closely related grasses.The moso bamboo genome contains 24 pairs of chromosomes 8 (2n = 48) and is characteristic of a diploid (Supplementary Fig. 1a). We conducted a flow cytometry analysis and estimated that it had a genome size of 2.075 Gb (2C = 4.24 pg; Supplementary Fig. 1b), which was very close to that estimated in a previous report 9 .Because it is difficult to generate an inbred line of moso bamboo, owing to its infrequent sexual reproduction and the long periods of time between flowering intervals, we selected five plants from a single individual rhizome of the moso bamboo ecotype (P. heterocycla var. pubescens) and performed whole-genome shotgun sequencing. We generated 295 Gb of raw sequence data (approximately 147-fold coverage), including Illumina short reads and 10,327 pairs of BAC end ...

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“…Higher plant lignin has generally been categorized into three primary subtypes, denoted as p-hydroxyphenyl or H-lignin, guaiacyl or G-lignin, and syringyl or S-lignin. H-lignin (or H-unit) arises from p-coumaryl alcohol, G-lignin from coniferyl alcohol, and S-lignin from sinapyl alcohol (Boerjan et al 2003). However, plants have the capacity to incorporate a range of molecules such as 5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohol and diVerent cinnamylaldehydes into the lignocellulosic matrix (Humphreys et al 1999;Anterola and Lewis 2002;Boerjan et al 2003;Barrière et al 2004;Shadle et al 2007;Rastogi and Dwivedi 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…H-lignin (or H-unit) arises from p-coumaryl alcohol, G-lignin from coniferyl alcohol, and S-lignin from sinapyl alcohol (Boerjan et al 2003). However, plants have the capacity to incorporate a range of molecules such as 5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohol and diVerent cinnamylaldehydes into the lignocellulosic matrix (Humphreys et al 1999;Anterola and Lewis 2002;Boerjan et al 2003;Barrière et al 2004;Shadle et al 2007;Rastogi and Dwivedi 2008). Grasses also contain signiWcant amounts of p-coumaric acid (pCA) and ferulic acid (FA), predominantly crosslinked to cell wall lignin and polysaccharide through ester and ether linkages (Grabber et al 1991;Dixon et al 2001;Chen et al 2002;Boerjan et al 2003;Grabber and Lu 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%