Lignin‐based barrier restricts pathogens to the infection site and confers resistance in plants

Lee, Myoung Hoon; Jeon, Hwi Seong; Kim, Seu Ha; Chung, Joo Hee; Roppolo, Daniele; Lee, Hye Jung; Cho, Hong Joo; Tobimatsu, Yuki; Ralph, John; Park, Ohkmae K.

doi:10.15252/embj.2019101948

Cited by 221 publications

(166 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…The demonstration of PTI as an integral component of ETI has significant implications in understanding how ETI resistance mechanisms prevent pathogen growth. Specifically, several PTI-associated anti-pathogen mechanisms have been described recently, including suppression of bacterial type III secretion 49-51 , inhibition of bacterial motility by lignification 52 and restriction of nutrient acquisition 53 . Our study suggests that ETI likely co-opts these PTI anti-pathogen mechanisms to halt pathogen growth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pattern-recognition receptors are required for NLR-mediated plant immunity

Yuan

Jiang

et al. 2020

Preprint

114

172

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23The plant immune system is fundamental to plant survival in natural ecosystems and productivity 24 in crop fields. Substantial evidence supports the prevailing notion that plants possess a two-tiered 25 innate immune system, called pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity 26 (ETI). PTI is triggered by microbial patterns via cell surface-localized pattern-recognition 27 receptors (PRRs), whereas ETI is activated by pathogen effector proteins via mostly 28 intracellularly-localized receptors called nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat proteins 29 50 from both pathogenic and nonpathogenic microbes. NLRs, on the other hand, are intracellular 51 proteins that sense pathogen-derived effector proteins inside the plant cell and can be further 52 classified into the coiled coil (CC)-type, Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-type, or RPW8 (CCR)-53 type, depending on their N-terminal domain 7 . However, PRR-and NLR-mediated signaling 54 pathways result in many similar downstream immune outputs, including defense gene 55 expression, production of ROS and callose deposition at the plant cell wall 8,9 . The underlying 56 reason is not clear and mechanistic relationship between the two immune pathways remains 57 largely enigmatic. Notably, while many PRR signaling components have been identified and 58 anti-pathogen mechanisms described, the downstream signaling events in ETI and how ETI halts 59 pathogen growth still remain poorly understood, despite recent breakthroughs in the 60 understanding of NLR protein structures and activities 10-13 . 61 62 Requirement of PRR/co-receptors for ETI 63 Using Arabidopsis thaliana-Pseudomonas syringae pathosystem, we accidentally discovered a 64 striking and unexpected role of PRR/co-receptors in ETI. Specifically, an "avirulent", ETI-65 eliciting bacterial strain, P. syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000(avrRpt2), which activates RPS2 66 (Resistance to P. syringae 2)-dependent ETI in wild-type Col-0 plants 14,15 , failed to elicit 67 effective ETI in two separate PRR/co-receptor Arabidopsis mutants, fls2/efr/cerk1 (fec) and 68 bak1/bkk1/cerk1 (bbc) mutants, which are mutated in major PRR/co-receptors recognizing 69 bacteria-associated molecular patterns 16 . As shown in Fig. 1a, the fec and bbc mutants did not 70 mount an effective ETI against Pst DC3000(avrRpt2). To determine whether a requirement of 71 PRR/co-receptors for ETI is specific to Pst DC3000(avrRpt2) or is a more general phenomenon, 72 we tested two other ETI-triggering "avirulent" effectors, AvrPphB and AvrRps4, which are 73 recognized by RPS5 17 and RPS4 18 , respectively, in Arabidopsis Col-0 accession. We found that 74 the compromised ETI phenotype in fec and bbc mutants held true for both AvrPphB and 75 AvrRps4 (Extended Data Fig. 1), suggesting a potentially broad role of PRR/co-receptors in ETI 76 pathways. We subsequently focused on AvrRpt2-triggered ETI for in-depth characterization. 77 Hypersensitive response (HR), manifested by fast cell death under high bacterial inoculum, is a...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pattern-recognition receptors are required for NLR-mediated plant immunity

Yuan

Jiang

et al. 2020

Preprint

114

172

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“…during peridermal differentiation or abscission zone formation (17,47), or as part of an induced stress response, i.e. during cell wall damage or bacterial invasion (48,49). Indeed, endodermal lignification occurs in the cell walls between two endodermal cells that amount to a total thickness of barely 200 nm (3,31), very different in dimension from lignified secondary walls, which in the case of interfascicular fibers can be tenfold thicker (ca.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-order mutants reveal an essential requirement for peroxidases but not laccases in Casparian strip lignification

Rojas-Murcia

Hématy

Lee

et al. 2020

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The invention of lignin has been at the heart of plants' capacity to colonize land, allowing them to grow tall, transport water within their bodies and protect themselves against various stresses.Consequently, this polyphenolic polymer, that impregnates the cellulosic plant cell walls, now represents the second most abundant polymer on Earth, after cellulose itself. Yet, despite its great physiological, ecological and economical importance, our knowledge of lignin biosynthesis in vivo, especially the crucial last steps of polymerization within the cell wall, remains vague. Specifically, the respective roles and importance of the two main polymerizing enzymes classes, laccases and peroxidases have remained obscure. One reason for this lies in

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“…Enhanced secondary cell wall biosynthesis is indicated by up-regulation of CESA4 in the northern latitude. Cell wall plays active role in plant immunity (Bacete et al , 2018); lignin forms a barrier and restricts pathogen entry thus conferring disease resistance in plants (Lee et al , 2019). Plant immunity specific genes RPS2 and LECRK-S.4 , were detected to be up-regulated in the northern trees; where RPS2 also showed latitudinal cline in SNPs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular signatures of local adaptation to light in Norway Spruce: role of lignin mediated immunity

2020

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Study of natural variation is an efficient method to elucidate how plants adapt to local climatic conditions, a key process for the evolution of a species. However, it is challenging to determine the genetic basis of adaptive variation especially in forest trees which have large and complex genomes. Norway spruce is a shade tolerant conifer in which the requirement of far-red light for growth increases latitudinally northwards. In the current work, hypocotyl-length followed a latitudinal cline in response to SHADE (low red:far-red ratio). RNA-sequencing revealed differential gene expression in response to SHADE, between a southern and a northern natural population in Sweden. Exome capture included analysis of uniquely large data set (1654 trees) that revealed missense variations in coding regions of nine differentially expressed candidate genes, which followed a latitudinal cline in allele and genotype frequencies. These genes included five transcription factors involved in vital processes like bud-set/bud-flush, lignin pathway and cold acclimation, and other genes that take part in cell-wall remodeling, secondary cell-wall thickening, response to starvation and immunity. Findings from this work primarily suggests that the northern populations of Norway spruce are better adapted towards disease resistance under shade by up-regulation of lignin pathway that is linked to immunity and it forms concrete basis for local adaptation to light quality in Norway spruce, one of the most economically important conifer tree species in Sweden.

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Lignin‐based barrier restricts pathogens to the infection site and confers resistance in plants

Cited by 221 publications

References 107 publications

Pattern-recognition receptors are required for NLR-mediated plant immunity

Pattern-recognition receptors are required for NLR-mediated plant immunity

High-order mutants reveal an essential requirement for peroxidases but not laccases in Casparian strip lignification

Molecular signatures of local adaptation to light in Norway Spruce: role of lignin mediated immunity

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