Lignin and Its Applications with Polymers

Kumar, M. N. Satheesh; Mohanty, A.R.; Erickson, Luther E.; Misra, Manju

doi:10.1166/jbmb.2009.1001

Cited by 196 publications

(43 citation statements)

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“…The lignin content in hot-water extract of sugar maple was 3.27% (Amidon and Liu 2009). Lignin can be the starting material for high value-added applications in renewable polymeric materials development (Satheesh et al 2009). The value added applications of lignin not only helps to boost the economic viability of the biorefinery but also serves as a source of renewable materials.…”

Section: Mass Balancementioning

confidence: 99%

Jute as raw material for the preparation of microcrystalline cellulose

et al. 2010

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Cellulose was extracted at a yield of 59.8% from jute fibres based on the formic acid/ peroxyformic acid process at an atmospheric pressure. The amounts of dissolved lignin and hemicelluloses were determined in the spent liquor. The results showed that the spent liquor contained 10.6% total sugars and 10.9% lignin (based on jute). Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was further prepared from the jute cellulose based on the acid hydrolysis technique. A very high yield, 48-52.8% (based on the jute raw material) was obtained. The acid hydrolysate of cellulose contained 2.7% glucose and 0.2% xylose. The MCC samples obtained from two different conditions, one at a low acidity and the other at a high acidity, were characterized by means of Thermo Gravimetric Analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared, X-ray detraction, Scanning Electron Micrograph, and Transmission Electron Micrograph techniques.

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Section: Mass Balancementioning

confidence: 99%

Jute as raw material for the preparation of microcrystalline cellulose

et al. 2010

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“…Lignin is the most abundant aromatic biopolymer accounting for up to 30% of the organic carbon on Earth and thus can be treated as a potential renewable feedstock for energy supplement and aromatic chemicals production [1,2]. The annual production of lignin is more than 70 million tons [3]. The most abundant industrial lignins are produced from kraft and sulfite pulping processes in the pulp and paper industries, so-called black liquor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Characterization of Lignin and Its Degradation Products with Spectroscopic Methods

Hong-qin

et al. 2017

Journal of Spectroscopy

235

103

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Lignin is highly branched phenolic polymer and accounts 15-30% by weight of lignocellulosic biomass (LCBM). The acceptable molecular structure of lignin is composed with three main constituents linked by different linkages. However, the structure of lignin varies significantly according to the type of LCBM, and the composition of lignin strongly depends on the degradation process. Thus, the elucidation of structural features of lignin is important for the utilization of lignin in high efficient ways. Up to date, degradation of lignin with destructive methods is the main path for the analysis of molecular structure of lignin. Spectroscopic techniques can provide qualitative and quantitative information on functional groups and linkages of constituents in lignin as well as the degradation products. In this review, recent progresses on lignin degradation were presented and compared. Various spectroscopic methods, such as ultraviolet spectroscopy, Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, for the characterization of structural and compositional features of lignin were summarized. Various NMR techniques, such as 1 H, 13 C, 19 F, and 31 P, as well as 2D NMR, were highlighted for the comprehensive investigation of lignin structure. Quantitative 13 C NMR and various 2D NMR techniques provide both qualitative and quantitative results on the detailed lignin structure and composition produced from various processes which proved to be ideal methods in practice.

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“…The properties and uses of lignin have recently been reviewed [22,23]. Kumar et al [24] have reviewed applications of lignin combined with other polymers. Baumberger [25] has reviewed applications of lignin specifically in starch-lignin films.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Starch-lignin foams

Stevens¹,

Klamczynski²,

Glenn³

2010

Express Polym. Lett.

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Abstract. Although starch foams are well known as biodegradable alternatives to foamed polystyrene, starch-lignin foams have not previously been reported. Lignin is an abundant byproduct of paper manufacture usually burned as fuel for lack of higher-value uses. We have prepared novel starch-kraft lignin foams with a known technique similar to compression molding. Replacing 20% of the starch with lignin has no deleterious effect on density or morphology as indicated by scanning electron microscopy: a thin outer layer of approximately 100 μm encloses a region of cellular structure containing 100-200 μm voids, with the major internal region of the foam consisting of large voids of up to 1 mm in size. Powder X-ray diffraction shows residual structure in both starch and starch-lignin foams. Differential scanning calorimetry displays endothermic transitions in the starch foam but not in the starch-lignin foam, indicating that lignin stabilizes the residual starch structure. Lignin decreases water absorption; diffusion constants for the starch and starch-lignin foams are 2.68·10 -6 and 0.80·10 -6 cm 2 /sec, respectively. The flexural strength of the starch-lignin foam is similar to that of foamed polystyrene, the strain at maximum stress is smaller, and the modulus of elasticity is larger.

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Lignin and Its Applications with Polymers

Cited by 196 publications

References 0 publications

Jute as raw material for the preparation of microcrystalline cellulose

Jute as raw material for the preparation of microcrystalline cellulose

Structural Characterization of Lignin and Its Degradation Products with Spectroscopic Methods

Starch-lignin foams

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