Lignified and non-lignified cell walls from kale

Wilson, Wilma D.; Barwick, Jacqueline M.; Lomax, James A.; Jarvis, Michael C.; Duncan, H. J.

doi:10.1016/0168-9452(88)90144-6

Cited by 21 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Xylose concentrations, as a proportion of total sugars, were 2.5 times greater in xylem than in nonxylem walls, reflecting extensive deposition of xylans in secondary cell walls of xylary tissues. In the nonxylem fraction, most xylose would originate from xyloglucans in primary walled tissues and some would originate from xylans deposited in secondary walls of phloem fibers ( , ). Nonxylem and xylem walls contained small amounts of mannose, indicating that glucomannans were a minor component of primary and secondary walled tissues.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Composition and Enzymatic Degradability of Xylem and Nonxylem Walls Isolated from Alfalfa Internodes

Grabber

Panciera

Hatfield

2002

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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During plant maturation, degradability of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) stems declines due to accumulation of highly lignified xylary tissue. Xylem and nonxylem tissues dissected from lower alfalfa internodes were analyzed for cell wall constituents and degradability. Cell walls comprised 740 mg g(-1) of xylem and 533 mg g(-1) of nonxylem tissues. Xylem tissues contributed about 60% of the cell wall mass in internodes. Xylem walls contained 28% lignin, 4% pectin, 29% hemicellulose, and 39% cellulose as compared to 15% lignin, 25% pectin, 30% hemicellulose, and 30% cellulose in nonxylem walls. Fungal enzymes hydrolyzed 22 and 73% of the structural carbohydrates in xylem and nonxylem walls, respectively. In both cell wall fractions, the release of xylose was 56-90% lower than that of other sugars, indicating that lignin preferentially restricted xylan degradation in secondary walls and xyloglucan degradation in primary walls. Elucidation of lignin-xylose interactions may reveal strategies for improving fiber degradability of alfalfa.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Composition and Enzymatic Degradability of Xylem and Nonxylem Walls Isolated from Alfalfa Internodes

Grabber

Panciera

Hatfield

2002

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…According to the results presented here, the outer epidermal wall shows some, but not all, of the compositional features of secondary walls, while possessing the physiological function of a primary wall. On the other hand, secondary walls usually contain much less pectin than hemicellulose (Northcote 1958;Ingold et al 1988;Wilson et al 1988), whereas these matrix components occur in approximately equal amounts in the outer epidermal wall, as they do in the bulk primary-wall preparations of pea stem tissue (Gilkes and Hall 1977;Talbott and Ray 1992a). The physiological difference between primary and secondary walls is generally assumed to be caused by the differences in composition and structure between them.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in composition of the outer epidermal cell wall of pea stems during auxin-induced growth

Bret‐Harte

Talbott

1993

Planta

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The gross composition of the outer epidermal cell wall from third internodes of Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska grown in dim red light, and the effect of auxin on that composition, was investigated using interference microscopy. Pea outer epidermal walls contain as much cellulose as typical secondary walls, but the proportion of pectin to hemicellulose resembles that found in primary walls. The pectin and hemicellulose fractions from epidermal peels, which are enriched for outer epidermal wall but contain internal tissue as well, are composed of a much higher percentage of glucose and glucose-related sugars than has been found previously for pea primary walls, similar to non-cellulosic carbohydrate fractions of secondary walls. The epidermal outer wall thus has a composition rather like that of secondary walls, while still being capable of elongation. Auxin induces a massive breakdown of hemicellulose in the outer epidermal wall; nearly half the hemicellulose present is lost during 4 h of growth in the absence of exogenous sugar. The percentage breakdown is much greater than has been seen previously for whole pea stems. It has been proposed that a breakdown of xyloglucan could be the basis for the mechanical loosening of the outer wall. This study provides the first evidence that such a breakdown could be occurring in the outer wall.

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“…20 The thickened vascular cell walls in the upper stem region of forage kale, 3 cauliflower 18 and forage rape (Ferguson E et al, unpublished) closely resembles the cell walls of this tissue in broccoli, with less than 10% lignin, significant levels of pectic polysaccharides and both xylan and xyloglucan hemicelluloses in comparable abundance. However, in the flowering stems of oilseed rape (B oleracea) 21 and in thinstemmed, leafy kale varieties 3 and Arabidopsis 22 the same tissue has a lignin content of 15-30% and a polysaccharide composition dominated by cellulose and xylans as in dicotyledonous wood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2,3 These previous studies provide both a method for preparing the problematic cell walls from broccoli and a parallel for their chemical and anatomical nature, which is the subject of this paper.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell wall composition of vascular and parenchyma tissues in broccoli stems

Müller

Jardine

et al. 2003

J Sci Food Agric

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Broccoli stems can become tough and stringy owing to excessive development of the vascular ring. Thickened cell walls from the vascular ring were isolated and their composition was determined. They were derived principally from anatomically recognisable xylem vessels, fibres and tracheids but contained an assemblage of polysaccharides typical of primary cell walls. Their pectin content was particularly high and they contained only 6% lignin as estimated by solid state 13 C NMR spectroscopy. They did not differ markedly in composition from parenchyma cell walls within the same stems. Thus, despite their thickness and anatomical appearance, these cell walls resembled the walls of non-woody cells in their polymer composition. INTRODUCTIONUnsatisfactory textural quality of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L var italica) is connected with toughness of 'stringy' tissues within the stems. 1 The most effective approach to solving this problem will depend on the nature of the tissues in question and the reason for their toughness. If existing cell walls become lignified with a consequent increase in their mechanical strength, then preventing lignification will maintain textural quality. If, on the other hand, differentiation of tissues within the stem leads to newly thickened or modified cell walls, then a more appropriate target will be the developmental cues for this differentiation.In the upper region of the flowering stem of certain other Brassica spp the vascular ring contains unusual thickened cell walls, which can be isolated by a sequence of controlled homogenisation and sieving that depends on their resistance to mechanical disintegration. 2,3 These previous studies provide both a method for preparing the problematic cell walls from broccoli and a parallel for their chemical and anatomical nature, which is the subject of this paper.

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Lignified and non-lignified cell walls from kale

Cited by 21 publications

References 26 publications

Chemical Composition and Enzymatic Degradability of Xylem and Nonxylem Walls Isolated from Alfalfa Internodes

Chemical Composition and Enzymatic Degradability of Xylem and Nonxylem Walls Isolated from Alfalfa Internodes

Changes in composition of the outer epidermal cell wall of pea stems during auxin-induced growth

Cell wall composition of vascular and parenchyma tissues in broccoli stems

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