Lightweight routing with dynamic interests in wireless sensor and actor networks

Abstract

Wireless sensor and actor networks (WSANs) have been increasingly popular for environmental monitoring applications in the last decade. While the deployment of sensor nodes enables a fine granularity of data collection, resource-rich actor nodes provide further evaluation of the information and reaction. Quality of service (QoS) and routing solutions for WSANs are challenging compared to traditional networks because of the limited node resources. WSANs also have different QoS requirements than wireless sensor networks (WSNs) since actors and sensor nodes have distinct resource constraints.In this paper, we present, LRP-QS, a lightweight routing protocol with dynamic interests and QoS support for WSANs. LRP-QS provides QoS by differentiating the rates among different types of interests with dynamic packet tagging at sensor nodes and per flow management at actor nodes. The interests, which define the types of events to observe, are distributed in the network. The weights of the interests are determined dynamically by using a nonsensitive ranking algorithm depending on the variation in the observed values of data collected in response to interests. Our simulation studies show that the proposed protocol provides a higher packet delivery ratio and a lower memory consumption than the existing state of the art protocols.I. INTRODUCTION Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) [1], which have been studied for more than a decade now, are designed to gather information about their environments. In most WSN applications, sensor nodes transmit the collected information to predetermined data collector nodes or users in the network. Sensor nodes are designed to be small and cheap: thus, in general have limited data processing capabilities, low transmission rates, small batteries, and limited memory capacity. There are, however, applications, where it is advantageous to add to the network actor nodes with better computation and communication capabilities, larger memories and long lasting batteries. These nodes are able to evaluate the collected information or execute computationally complex operations in the environment. Networks where sensor and actor nodes coexist are called wireless sensor and actor networks (WSANs) [2].WSANs have a heterogeneous structure in terms of node types and resources. Any protocol, which aims to provide quality of service (QoS) to the users of the WSAN, must exploit this heterogeneity by modifying its routing strategies such that they take advantage of the higher resources provided by the actor nodes. Therefore, WSANs cannot be simply regarded as WSNs when aiming for QoS support in the network.Throughout this paper, we will assume that the information to collect from the environment depends on the stated interests of the users. Different interests have different QoS requirements. Let us consider a fire alarm system, which provides information directly to fire fighters. Information about a sharp temperature increase is high priority and must be transmitted by all the nodes in the system without regar...

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