“…The versatility of MQTT is evident through its extensive range of applications, which encompass various domains [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13], including (but not limited to) the Internet of Things (IoT), home and industrial automation, telemetry and remote environment monitoring, energy management, smart agriculture, healthcare, transportation, and social networking systems. As described in Section 2, previous research efforts have explored various aspects of MQTT, including research to enhance MQTT functionalities [2,4,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22], comparative analyses with other protocols [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30], support for synchronous communication [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40], and the facilitation of end-to-end services for security or quality of service (QoS) [41][42][43][44]…”