Lightweight Direct Acyclic Graph Blockchain for Enhancing Resource-Constrained IoT Environment

Abstract

Blockchain technology is regarded as the emergent security solution for many applications related to the Internet of Things (IoT). In concept, blockchain has a linear structure that grows with the number of transactions entered. This growth in size is the main obstacle to the blockchain, which makes it unsuitable for resource-constrained IoT environments. Moreover, conventional consensus algorithms such as PoW, PoS are very computationally heavy. This paper solves these problems by introducing a new lightweight blockchain structure and lightweight consensus algorithm. The Multi-Zone Direct Acyclic Graph (DAG) Blockchain (Multizone-DAG-Blockchain) framework is proposed for the fog-based IoT environment. In this context, fog computing technology is integrated with the IoT to offload IoT tasks to the fog nodes, thus preserving the energy consumption of the IoT devices. Both IoT and fog nodes are initially authenticated using a non-cloneable physical function-based validation mechanism (DPUF-VM) in which multiple authentication certificates are verified in the blockchain. Each transaction is stored in a hash function in the blockchain using the lightweight CubeHash algorithm and signed by the Four-Q-Curve algorithm. In the cloud, sensitive data is stored as ciphertext. Fog nodes provide data security to avoid the energy consumption and complexity of IoT nodes. The fog node first performs a redundancy analysis using the Jaccard Similarity (JS) measure and sensitivity analysis using the Neutrosophic Neural Intelligent Network (N2IN) algorithm. A lightweight proof-of-authentication (PoAh) algorithm is presented and executed by the optimal consensus node selected by the bi-objective spiral optimization (BoSo) algorithm for transaction validation. The proposed work is modeled in Network Simulator 3.26 (ns-3.26), and the performance is evaluated in terms of energy consumption, storage cost, response time, and throughput.

Multi-Zone-Wise Blockchain Based Intrusion Detection and Prevention System for IoT Environment

“…The proposed MZWB improves the security aspect of our Lightweight Direct Acyclic Graph Blockchain solution for Enhancing the Resource-Constrained IoT Environment [13] in terms of high energy consumption, increased storage overhead and low accuracy. The major contributions of this work are described as follows,…”

“…To improve our previous work [13] with an IDS, the visualization of network in a graph is useful. Graph construction-based network identifies attacker's location and it can be easily isolated/disconnect the links from the legitimate nodes to the attackers [14].…”

“…Furthermore, it enhances the accuracy of intrusion detection and prevents the network from more damage. The major issue in our previous work, multi-zone Direct Acyclic Graph (DAG) Blockchain [13] in network graph construction is that it requires In IoT, blockchain is another security solution that not only detects a single type of attack, but also detects multiple types of attacks. Compared with the traditional IDS scenarios, blockchain mainly focuses on cyber-attacks with good tracing of behaviours and also provides a reliable connection to normal IoT devices [15,16].…”

Challenges and Solutions for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks Based on Lightweight Blockchains

“…Directed Acyclical Graphs (DAGs) are another distributed ledger that works similarly to blockchains, except that they do not require storing the amount of information that traditional blockchains demand [44]. This allows DAGs to reduce the network and storage requirements of the network's nodes, as seen in the Internet of Things [45]. DAGs can also increase the transaction throughput by processing transactions in parallel [46].…”

Smart Quarantine Environment Privacy through IoT Gadgets Using Blockchain

“…If we do not use the smart home equipment, intercom access, control, and security cameras effectively, the position of the house is traceable, and privacy is lost. Today the data is highly concentrated; it is vulnerable to targeted attacks, which causes the risk of a single point of failure [10].To fix this problem, we have a solution i.e., blockchain technology [11][12][13]. This technology along with the Internet of Things has brought so many changes in the industries and helps to develop business models as well as distributed applications.…”