Lightning to the Empire State Building-Part III [includes discussion]

Hagenguth, J. H.; Anderson, John G.

doi:10.1109/aieepas.1952.4498521

Cited by 46 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Parameters of these 21 flashes are summarized in Table 1. The upward bipolar lightning occurrence percentage is 3% (21/652), which is less than 14% from Hagenguth and Anderson [1952], 6% from Berger [1978], 6.7% from Gorin and Shkilev [1984], and 5–33% from winter bipolar lightning in Japan [see Rakov and Uman , 2003, Table 8.1].…”

Section: Analysis and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of upward bipolar lightning flashes observed at the Gaisberg Tower

et al. 2011

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We analyze current records for 21 upward initiated bipolar lightning flashes observed at the Gaisberg Tower (GBT) in Austria from 2000 to 2009. A bipolar lightning flash occurrence of 3% (21/652) is found during the 10‐year observation period. Thirteen (62% or 13/21) of them occurred in nonconvective season (September–March). On the basis of the classification suggested by Rakov and Uman (2003), 13 (62%) of the 21 bipolar flashes belong to Type 1 associated with a polarity reversal during the initial stage (IS) current, five belong to Type 2 associated with different polarities of the IS current and the following return strokes, one belongs to Type 3 associated with return strokes of opposite polarity following the IS, and two of them are not assigned. We also find that the initial polarity reversal from negative to positive occurs more often (76% or 16/21) than that from positive to negative within a bipolar flash, in agreement with observations in other studies. The geometric mean (GM) and arithmetic mean (AM) of the total absolute charge transfer are 99.5 C and 125 C, with the GM and AM total flash duration of 320 ms and 396 ms, respectively. From simultaneous current and high‐speed video measurements of one bipolar flash, within the field of view, the positive charge was transferred along one branch initially, followed by the negative charge transfer after cessation of the luminosity for 142 ms, while the other two branches connected to the main channel always contributed to the negative charge transfer during the whole process.

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Section: Analysis and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of upward bipolar lightning flashes observed at the Gaisberg Tower

et al. 2011

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“…The continuing current of a ground flash is a process of continuous discharge from charged centers to ground along the lightning channel created by the stroke and is represented as a slow and persistent change of the slow electric field. Hagenguth and Anderson [] were the first to discover the existence of the continuing current process. Kitagawa et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing the transmission structures of long continuing current processes from negative ground flashes on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau

et al. 2014

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This paper presents a new overlap and progressive method using either a one-point charge model or a point dipole model for studying the electric field change data of lightning and tests the suitability of the proposed method by analyzing the slow electric field change of the long continuing current data from two negative ground flashes. The current measurements of the ground flashes are from the Composite Observing Experiment for Lightning project carried out in the Datong region of Qinghai Province, China, in 2009, obtained from field observations synchronized through high-precision GPS clocks at seven observation stations. Analysis shows that the time-averaged current can reach 800 A, and the current intensity relates to the height of the top of the return stroke before the continuing current process. The two current processes studied in this work neutralized a large amount of negative charge, 39.5C and 60.8C, respectively. The neutralized charges from the negative charge layer are typically at 2.5-4.7 km above ground. The intracloud transition of the positive leader is a complex process, and the horizontal propagation of the positive leader plays an important role in current duration as well as horizontally influencing the center of the electrical dipole moment with an obvious change of up to 3.0 km. The proposed analysis method is very useful compared to previous methods in terms of determining infinitesimal changes in long continuing currents. This work's new analysis method will help increase understanding of the fine physical processes of long continuing current processes.

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“…The intermittent nature of cloud-to-ground lightning was established early in the history of lightning investigations [Walter, 1902;Larsen, 1905]. Studies of lightning discharges to the Empire State Building [Hagenguth and Anderson, 1952] revealed that 50 per cent of all flashes involved a continuous current phase. From oscillographic studies of electric field changes, Malan [1954] showed that the intermittent mode of discharge can on occasion be replaced by a continuous one.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuing currents in cloud-to-ground lightning discharges

Kitagawa¹,

Brook²,

Workman³

1962

J. Geophys. Res.

201

100

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About 200 excellent photographs of cloud‐to‐ground discharges, taken with a newly designed rotating‐film camera, were obtained from very active thunderstorms in 1959 and 1960. The electric‐field changes and luminosity variations of the photographed discharges were recorded simultaneously on two oscilloscopes having different time resolution. Fifty per cent of the multiple‐stroke flashes, constituting about 90 per cent of cloud‐to‐ground flashes, are found to involve at least one stroke which is followed by very long continuing luminosity lasting for 40 to 500 msec. This continuing luminosity contains a number of relatively brighter components essentially the same as the M components which are known to follow some strokes having very short time intervals. The analysis of the electric field associated with the continuing luminosity reveals that, during the luminous period, negative charge from the cloud flows to ground continuously. The surges of current (M components) during the continuing luminosity are associated with the small rapid field changes (K changes), and the time interval between M components is statistically the same as that between the K changes generally observed during the interstroke and final period of cloud‐to‐ground flashes. During the period of continuing luminosity, the lightning channel maintains a level of conductivity which is high enough to support a momentary current increase without involving the leader process. After the channel loses its luminosity, it maintains a lower level of conductivity for 7 to 100 msec, and a subsequent stroke during this period can also follow the same channel. When a longer time elapses (>100 msec), a subsequent stroke, if any, takes a different channel with a new stepped leader.

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Lightning to the Empire State Building-Part III [includes discussion]

Cited by 46 publications

References 10 publications

Characteristics of upward bipolar lightning flashes observed at the Gaisberg Tower

Characteristics of upward bipolar lightning flashes observed at the Gaisberg Tower

Analyzing the transmission structures of long continuing current processes from negative ground flashes on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau

Continuing currents in cloud-to-ground lightning discharges

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