Lightning Return Strokes to Tall Towers: Ability of Engineering and Electromagnetic Models to Reproduce Nearby Electromagnetic Fields

Effect of the grounding system on the lightning current profile along a tall structure

“…5. constant at 0.9 [31]. As compared with the simulated waveform which is represented by a dotted line, the wave shape lightning current is in good agreement with the measured waveform.…”

“…The hybrid electromagnetic category [28] uses a combination of electromagnetic and circuit theory models. Thus, in this paper, an engineering model is chosen since there is good agreement in the result compared with the experimental work [31]. Moreover, it has a relation between the channel base current function with the return stroke current model and provides a minimum input parameter.…”

A Comparative Study on Induced Currents in Steel Reinforced Building Due to a Nearby Lightning Strike to Ground and a Strike to Nearby Elevated Object

“…As the electromagnetic field produced by the lightning is basically responsible for the current induction, the model to be employed for the study must be based on an electromagnetic model. Such a model, which is also called the antenna theory (AT) model, has been quite successfully employed in the literature for the estimation of currents and the field in the vicinity [8,9,10,11]. Based on this and the earlier work, in the present work also, an electromagnetic model is employed.…”

“…It is found from the study that, presence of nearby conducting objects in between down conductor (structure) and strike is found to have effect on the induced currents [4]. There is a large amount of literature on the problem of induced currents due to lightning [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. However, to the best of the author's knowledge, a comparative study on induced currents in steel of a steel reinforced building due to nearby lightning stroke and stroke to elevated object seems to be limited.…”

FDTD-Based Lightning Surge Simulation of an HV Air-Insulated Substation With Back-Flashover Phenomena

“…As mentioned in [31], the equivalent impedance of a lightning return-stroke channel is expected to range from 0.6 to 2.5 kΩ on the basis of measured results, and the use of an ideal current source is not appropriate in the case of a direct lightning strike to a grounded tall structure since it cannot take into account currents propagating from the structure to the lightning channel. Therefore, in this study, instead of an ideal current source, a voltage source, which was employed in other studies on a direct lightning strike to a structure or building (e.g., [32]- [40]), is attached to the top of the transmission line tower (tower #3), and a vertical and straight inductor-based lightning channel model, which is often used to represent a direct lightning strike to a tall structure (e.g., [32]- [36]), is connected to the other end of the voltage source. The inductor-based lightning channel model is represented by a series of lumped-parameter inductances.…”