Lightning Mapping With an Array of Fast Antennas

Wu, Ting; Wang, Daohong; Takagi, Nobuyuki

doi:10.1002/2018gl077628

Cited by 74 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…These efforts have significantly improved location results over traditional LF systems. The location accuracy of FALMA in the horizontal direction over the network is estimated to be around 20 m. More details of FALMA can be found in Wu et al ().…”

Section: Observation and Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Locating Preliminary Breakdown Pulses in Positive Cloud‐to‐Ground Lightning

Wang

Takagi

2018

JGR Atmospheres

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This paper provides the first concrete evidence that preliminary breakdown (PB) pulses of either polarity in positive cloud-to-ground (+CG) lightning are produced by negative leaders. Three-dimensional location results of PB pulses in 46 +CG flashes are analyzed. The majority (40) of the +CG flashes started with positive PB pulses (+PBPs), the same polarity as the positive return stroke. Location results showed that +PBPs were produced by leaders propagating upward, which were determined to be negative leaders based on PB pulse polarities. Similarly, for the negative PB pulses (ÀPBPs) found in six +CG flashes, location results showed that they were produced by leaders propagating downward, and we determined that these were also negative leaders. Upward negative leaders producing +PBPs in +CG lightning are very similar to those in intracloud lightning. They usually propagate upward before turning in a horizontal direction. Downward negative leaders producing ÀPBPs in +CG lightning are more complicated. They usually move back upward after a period of downward propagation. Positive leaders could not be detected, but their possible propagations are analyzed along with possible charge structures for different types of PB pulses. We also demonstrate that PB pulse studies based on single-site records are potentially unreliable.Plain Language Summary Lightning flashes usually start with a train of bipolar pulses called preliminary breakdown (PB) pulses. In negative cloud-to-ground (ÀCG) flashes, PB pulses usually have negative initial polarity, the same as the negative return stroke. However, in +CG flashes, PB pulses with either polarity have been observed by many studies. PB pulses in +CG flashes are usually explained by the movement of positive leaders because a positive leader connecting the ground is always necessary for a +CG flash. In this study, we provide the first concrete evidence that PB pulses of both polarities are produced by negative leaders. Specifically, positive PB pulses are produced by upward-propagating negative leaders and negative PB pulses are produced by downward-propagating negative leaders. Possible charge structures for different types of PB pulses in +CG flashes are also discussed.

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Section: Observation and Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Locating Preliminary Breakdown Pulses in Positive Cloud‐to‐Ground Lightning

Wang

Takagi

2018

JGR Atmospheres

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“…By detecting very high frequency (VHF) emissions at 60–66 MHz, the Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) can depict the three‐dimensional lightning channel development for both intracloud and cloud‐to‐ground lightning with high location accuracy (Rison et al, 1999; Thomas et al, 2004), which makes it a great tool to study severe storms and lightning physics (e.g., Goodman et al, 2005; Krehbiel et al, 2000). A number of short‐baselined lightning locating networks operated in low‐frequency (LF)/medium‐frequency (MF) (30 kHz to 3 MHz) band have been developed in recent years (Bitzer et al, 2013; Karunarathne et al, 2013; Lyu et al, 2014; Shi et al, 2017; Wang et al, 2016; Wu et al, 2018; Yoshida et al, 2014). The lightning mapping in LF/MF seems to be less complete compared to LMA in terms of the number of sources located until Lyu et al (2014) found that interferometric‐time difference of arrival (TDOA) location technique can significantly improve the number of located sources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Huntsville Alabama Marx Meter Array 2: Upgrade and Capability

Zhu

Bitzer

Stewart

et al. 2020

Earth and Space Science

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The Córdoba Argentina Marx Meter Array (CAMMA), consisting of 10 second-generation Huntsville Alabama Marx Meter Array (HAMMA 2) sensors, operated at Córdoba, Argentina, during the Remote sensing of Electrification, Lightning, And Mesoscale/microscale Processes with Adaptive Ground Observations (RELAMPAGO) field campaign in late 2018. Initial results obtained from the campaign demonstrate that the new sensor is able to provide a significantly more detailed depiction of various lightning processes than its first generation. The lightning flashes mapped by the CAMMA and a colocated Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) were compared. The overall flash structures mapped by the CAMMA and the LMA look similar for most of the flashes. However, comparisons at smaller time scale show that the majority of CAMMA and LMA sources are not concurrent, indicating that unmatched sources were possibly due to different physical processes in leader propagation dominating different frequencies and differences in data processing and location techniques.

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“…In recent years, 3‐D mapping results in the VLF/LF band have been significantly improved by using a continuous data recording scheme and waveform cross‐correlation method, allowing the fine lightning structures that are usually observed in VHF‐based LMA systems (Lyu et al, ; Lyu et al, ; Wu et al, ). These VLF/LF mapping systems image both impulsive and continuous emissions and are therefore capable of imaging both discrete (stepped leader) and continuous (dart leader and K changes) processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fine Three‐Dimensional VHF Lightning Mapping Using Waveform Cross‐Correlation TOA Method

Liu

Shi

Qiu

et al. 2020

Earth and Space Science

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Waveform cross-correlation approach was first applied to three-dimensional very high frequency (VHF) lightning mapping. A Hilbert transform of the original waveform and a three-step cross-correlation parsing process were employed to compute the time differences with a small 10-μs time window for the final time-of-arrival (TOA) positioning. The lightning channel continuity was significantly improved, and its fine structure, including the K process, was clearly distinguished with speeds of up to 1.1 × 10 7 m/s. The two overlapped K processes indicate the high location accuracy of the time-of-arrival, based on the waveform correlation method. The median (mean) values of the positioning precision with the proposed method were evaluated by duplicate located sources and estimated as σ x = 20 m (26 m), σ y = 19 m (28 m), and σ z = 54 m (67 m). 10.1029/2019EA000832Key Points: • A waveform cross-correlation timeof-arrival method for 3-D very high frequency lightning mapping is designed • The K process with speeds up to 1.1 × 10 7 m/s is effectively imaged • The 3-D velocities of the K process are measured as a function of time

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Lightning Mapping With an Array of Fast Antennas

Cited by 74 publications

References 16 publications

Locating Preliminary Breakdown Pulses in Positive Cloud‐to‐Ground Lightning

Locating Preliminary Breakdown Pulses in Positive Cloud‐to‐Ground Lightning

Huntsville Alabama Marx Meter Array 2: Upgrade and Capability

Fine Three‐Dimensional VHF Lightning Mapping Using Waveform Cross‐Correlation TOA Method

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