Light Weight Composite Proppants: Computational and Experimental Study

Kulkarni, Mandar; Ochoa, Ozden O.

doi:10.1080/15376494.2011.572241

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…This structural composition allows for the shell to be hard, nontoxic, biodegradable and renewable [3]. Sclerenchyma cells are also present in the shell and support tissues that are no longer expanding [4]. The secondary walls of walnut shells form thick, rigid and hard layers with lignified cells [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds on the Characteristics of Walnut Shells

Han¹,

Wang²,

Rakita³

et al. 2018

FNS

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Walnuts are one of nature's more waste-heavy products. 67% of the nut is shell and husk, low value by-products that are rich in phenolic compounds. The phenolic compounds extracted from walnut shells are potentially good natural sources of antioxidants for the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, phenolic compounds were extracted using an ultrasonic bath, an ultrasonic probe and a standard shaking method. The extraction yield achieved with an ultrasonic probe was 51.2 mg GAE/g DW, two times higher than both the shaking method and the ultrasonic bath method which were 20.6 mg GAE/g DW and 25.8 mg GAE/g DW, respectively. Phenolic extraction was further improved by a size reduction of the walnut shells. The best extraction yield of 52.8 mg GAE/g DW was attained when the particle size was between 45-100 mesh. The ultrasonic probe treatment is the best method for extraction of phenolic compounds from walnut shells. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging indicated that the ultrasonic probe treatment could better rupture the hard structure of the cells, increasing the penetration of solvents and thus the extraction yield.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds on the Characteristics of Walnut Shells

Han¹,

Wang²,

Rakita³

et al. 2018

FNS

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“…Turbidity was caused by tiny crisp crumbs, which would fill the gap between the proppants and decrease the conductivity. 32 So the high sphericity and roundness, low acid solubility and turbidity of PMMA/graphite composite microspheres exhibited a promising application as ULW proppant.…”

Section: Morphology and Properties Of Pmma/graphite Composite Microspmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of heat resisting poly(methyl methacrylate)/graphite composite microspheres used as ultra‐lightweight proppants

Chen

Wang

Yan

et al. 2015

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Ultra-lightweight heat resisting poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/graphite microspheres were successfully prepared via in situ suspension polymerization. The Fourier transform infrared and X-ray powder diffraction results confirmed the successful preparation of the composite microspheres. Field emission scanning electron microscope analysis illustrated that the graphite particles were dispersed in microspheres and the PMMA/graphite composite microspheres had good sphericity and roundness. Furthermore, density analysis indicated that the apparent density of composites microspheres was about 1.055-1.135g/cm 3 which was suitable for the transmission with water carrying. The results from thermodynamic test revealed that the thermal stability of the composite was significantly improved with increasing graphite content, which could be used as ultra-lightweight proppant in deep underground. In addition, the crushing rate decreased to 0.5% with graphite ratio of 3.0% at the pressure of 69 MPa. Therefore, PMMA/Graphite composite microspheres exhibit a promising application in petroleum or gas exploitation as water carrying fracturing proppants.

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“…4.1a and 4.1b respectively. It has been reported previously that walnut particles can be segregated into three categories depending on their shape; the flat top particles were observed to show the least scatter in the data and were ideal for comparison purposes [59,60]. …”

Section: Effect Of Deformable Materials Type On Response Of Brittle Crmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Walnut and Al as softer particles are treated as elastic-plastic materials. Walnut data is obtained from single particle compression tests on walnut shell specimens [59,60] this data is same as used for the uniform size particle models in section 2.2. The yield strength of…”

Section: Model Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanics of light weight proppants: A discrete approach

Kulkarni¹,

Ochoa²

2012

Composites Science and Technology

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Proppants are a specific application of granular materials used in oil/gas well stimulation. Employment of hard and soft particle mixtures is one of the many approaches availed by the industry to improve fracture resistance and the stability of the granular pack in the hydraulic fracture. Current industrial practices of proppant characterization involve long term and expensive conductivity tests. However, the mechanics governing the proppant pack response, in particular the effects due to material, shape and size of particles on the pack porosity, stiffness and particle fragmentation are not understood clearly.The present research embodies analytical and experimental approach to model hard (ceramic) and soft (walnut shell and/or pure aluminum) proppant mixtures by taking into account polydispersity in size, shape and material type of individual particles.The hydraulic fracture condition is represented through confined compression and flowback loads. The particle interactions clearly illustrate changes in pore space as a function of pressure, mixture composition and friction. Single particle compression tests on individual particles are carried out to obtain mechanical properties which are incorporated into the finite element models and are further correlated with the compression/crush response of the mixture. The proppant pack stiffness and particle fragmentation depends strongly on the mixture composition as illustrated in the models and experiments. The flowback models demonstrated that the formation of a stable arch is essential to pack stability. Additional variables that enhance flowback resistance are identified as; addition of softer particles to a pack, softer rock surfaces and higher interparticle friction. The computational studies also led to the discovery of better, and more iv efficient pack compositions such as -short and thin pure Al needles/ceramic and the pistachio shells/ceramic mixtures. These analytical results have generated great interest and are engaged in the design of experiments to formulate future proppant pack mixtures at Baker Hughes Pressure Pumping, Tomball, TX. v

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Light Weight Composite Proppants: Computational and Experimental Study

Cited by 12 publications

References 15 publications

Effect of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds on the Characteristics of Walnut Shells

Effect of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds on the Characteristics of Walnut Shells

Preparation of heat resisting poly(methyl methacrylate)/graphite composite microspheres used as ultra‐lightweight proppants

Mechanics of light weight proppants: A discrete approach

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