Light Transmission, Yield Distribution, and Fruit Quality in Six Tree Canopy Forms of 'Granny Smith' Apple

Warrington, I. J.; Stanley, C.J.; Tustin, D.S.; Hirst, Peter M.; Cashmore, W.

doi:10.1300/j072v01n01_03

Cited by 40 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…Cultivar and its growing habit, rootstock (dwarf or vigorous) used, position of fruit on tree, number of fruit per cluster, cool weather prior to high temperature, competition for assimilates, sudden exposure of fruit from a low light environment to high irradiance and low humidity are some factors which may also have significant role in solar injury to fruit (Jones et al, 1992;Warrington et al, 1996;Van den Ende, 1999;Yuri et al, 2000;Awad et al, 2001). Schrader et al (2003) has characterized solar injury into three distinct types, namely sunburn browning, sunburn necrosis and photo-oxidative sunburn.…”

Section: Solar Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle films and their applications in horticultural crops

Sharma

Reddy

Datta

2015

Applied Clay Science

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Section: Solar Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle films and their applications in horticultural crops

Sharma

Reddy

Datta

2015

Applied Clay Science

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“…Tree canopy form, training and planting density are important management practices that in¯uence the orchard leaf area index and therefore the transmission of light through the canopy (Tustin et al, 1998). Under New Zealand conditions, Warrington et al (1996) reported that the largest fruit on`Granny Smith' trees were produced in the upper regions and the smallest in the inner lower tier, a trend found to be consistent for six dierent canopy forms. Broom et al (1998) have also reported that position in the canopy and shoot type are factors aecting fruit size iǹ Braeburn' apple.…”

Section: Within-tree Variationmentioning

confidence: 98%

Variation of Fruit Size and Growth within an Apple Tree and its Influence on Sampling Methods for Estimating the Parameters of Mid-season Size Distributions

et al. 2000

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This paper presents a quantitative description of variation of mid-season (62 days after bloom) fruit weight (FW) and proceeding growth rates within an apple tree. Based on this knowledge, several sampling strategies were designed and compared for their accuracy and eciency in estimating the mean and variance of fruit size within an apple tree limb at mid-season. The analysis revealed the presence of systematic trends in FW within the canopy. Fruit weight, at the base of each limb increased from the bottom tier vertically upwards within the canopy. Generally, FW in the lower tier limbs increased from the base outwards, but this trend was reversed in the upper tier. Mid-season FW was also aected by the shoot type, the spur fruit being signi®cantly larger than lateral or terminal fruit. We conclude that the systematic variation in FW is a result of plant factors interacting mainly with the within-canopy light environment. This study also demonstrated that the predominant source of the remaining random variation of FW within a tree is between fruit within a limb. In terms of within-limb sampling strategies, this study provides clear evidence that a systematic sample along a limb gives a more ecient estimator of mean FW compared with random or strati®ed sampling. Monte Carlo re-sampling provided standard error estimates that were about 10 % lower for systematic sampling. Both the systematic and strati®ed sampling, however, may be seriously biased in their estimation of the within-limb variance. Therefore, when both the mean and variance are needed, especially for small sample sizes (say n 5), we recommend simple random sampling. Some methods for extending the limb estimator to the whole tree level are also discussed.

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“…This is because fruit size, colour, and internal quality attributes, such as soluble solids concentration, are all highly dependent on the localised light environment within a tree canopy (Palmer & Jackson 1974;Ferree 1980;Jackson 1980;Lakso 1980;Robinson etal. 1983;Morgan et al 1984;Barritt et al 1987;Tustin et al 1988;Warrington et al 1995). The development of semiintensive plantings of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yields of 90-100 t/ha have been regularly recorded for apple cultivars such as 'Gala' in New Zealand and an upper yield of 2001/ hahas been recorded for 'Granny Smith' (McKenzie 1985). Central leader training allows a relatively natural tree form to be used and the 0.8-1.0 m spacing between scaffold limbs, together with the overall pyramid shape, ensures adequate light penetration to most regions of the canopy (McKenzie & Mouat 1963;Morgan et al 1984;Tustin et al 1988;Warrington et al 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A characteristic of inappropriate management of older central leader trees is the development of top-dominant canopies with overgrown upper tiers. Consequently, this leads to shading of the lower and interior regions of the tree canopy which become devigorated and produce small, poorly-coloured fruit of inferior quality from weakly-developed spurs and lateral shoots (Warrington et al 1995). In addition, spray penetration into the upper regions of top-dominant trees is often poor and diseases and pest outbreaks can be difficult to control.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pruning strategies for restructuring top‐dominant central leader ‘Granny Smith’ apple trees

Warrington

Stanley

Julian

et al. 1995

New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science

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Eighteen-year-old, top-dominant central leader trees of 'Granny Smith' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) were restructured during the 1987 and 1988 dormant seasons into either palmette central leader (initially) or pyramid central leader forms. In the palmette form, pruning was restricted to the total removal of the uppermost east-and westfacing fruiting scaffolds in 1987, and the shortening of all middle scaffolds and the upper north-facing scaffold in 1988. In the pyramid form, major scaffold limbs were subjectively removed or shortened to reestablish the desired pyramid shape over the two H94049 Received 3 August 1994; accepted 8 May 1995 dormant seasons. Both forms were also renewal pruned annually to totally remove pendant fruiting laterals and spur-bearing wood over 4 years old. In addition, unmodified top-dominant trees that were either renewal pruned or containment pruned (primarily heading cuts) were maintained for comparison with the restructuring treatments. The restructuring treatments resulted in improved light penetration to the lower and inner canopy regions, improved spur quality, and in a greater proportion (50% cf. 30%) of the fruit being borne in the lower half of the tree. Cumulative yield over the 3 years of study was not reduced in the restructured trees in comparison with the containment-pruned topdominant trees and was reduced by only 20% in comparison with the renewal-pruned top-dominant trees. Mean fruit size in both the upper and lower tree regions was not altered by the restructuring treatments. Renewal pruning alone compared with containment pruning resulted in a total yield gain of 28% and an 8% increase of mean fruit size in the lower canopy but did not lead to a redistribution of fruit within the tree. Major upper canopy restructuring combined with annual renewal pruning, therefore, achieved the greatest gains in both yield, and fruit size along with improved fruit distribution within the tree.

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Light Transmission, Yield Distribution, and Fruit Quality in Six Tree Canopy Forms of 'Granny Smith' Apple

Cited by 40 publications

References 0 publications

Particle films and their applications in horticultural crops

Particle films and their applications in horticultural crops

Variation of Fruit Size and Growth within an Apple Tree and its Influence on Sampling Methods for Estimating the Parameters of Mid-season Size Distributions

Pruning strategies for restructuring top‐dominant central leader ‘Granny Smith’ apple trees

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