“…Furthermore, the open field cultures are increasingly threatened by the risks and uncertainties associated with biotic and abiotic stresses, such as pest attacks, drought, and frost, exacerbated by the ongoing climate change ( Pandey et al, 2017 ), compelling need for new cultivation approaches ( Dutta-Gupta, 2017 ; FAO, 2019 ). The Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) has emerged as a feasible alternative, as it optimizes the plant growth environment by minimizing the interactions with the external factors ( Dutta-Gupta, 2017 ; Amitrano et al, 2018 ; Pennisi et al, 2019 ). The manipulation of light quality in CEA through light-emitting diodes (LEDs) technology modifies plant morphological, anatomical, and physiological traits ( Arena et al, 2016 ; Yang et al, 2017 ), allowing to select the more appropriate light regime to improve crop productivity and food quality for a specific crop.…”