“…In recent decades, the photocatalytic degradation of organic and inorganic pollutants using oxide semiconductor-based materials had been extensively studied [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Among these materials, titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) has been the most popular candidate due to its chemical stability, optical transparency at visible wavelength, high refractive index, non-toxic nature, and low cost [ 6 , 7 , 8 ]. Engineers have demonstrated that the TiO 2 material with the anatase structure has the best photocatalytic activity [ 9 , 10 ].…”