Light-Evoked Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Inputs to ON and OFF α Ganglion Cells in the Mouse Retina

Pang, Ji‐Jie; Gao, Fan; Wu, Samuel M.

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-14-06063.2003

Cited by 232 publications

(307 citation statements)

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“…We tested these predictions by simultaneously measuring synaptic input to an AII amacrine cell (held at the reversal potential for inhibitory synaptic input) and an Off RGC (held at the reversal potential for excitatory synaptic input) evoked by steps in light intensity from darkness; we focused on Off transient RGCs, a class of RGC distinguished by its large soma and transient bursts of action potentials at light offset 8,16,24 . The amplitude of excitatory synaptic input to AII amacrine cells and the IPSC in Off transient RGCs differed by more than an order of magnitude (Fig.…”

Section: Circuitry Governing Synaptic Input To On and Off Rgcsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Signals and noise in an inhibitory interneuron diverge to control activity in nearby retinal ganglion cells

Murphy¹

2008

Nat Neurosci

106

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Information about sensory stimuli is represented by spatiotemporal patterns of neural activity. The complexity of the central nervous system, however, frequently obscures the origin and properties of signals and noise that underlie these activity patterns. We minimized this constraint by examining mechanisms governing correlated activity in mouse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) under conditions where light-evoked responses traverse a specific circuit -the rod bipolar pathway. Signals and noise in this circuit produced correlated synaptic input to neighboring On and Off RGCs. Temporal modulation of light intensity did not alter the degree to which noise in the input to nearby RGCs was correlated, and action potential generation in individual RGCs was largely insensitive to differences in network noise generated by dynamic and static light stimuli. Together, these features enable noise in shared circuitry to diminish simultaneous action potential generation in neighboring On and Off RGCs under a variety of conditions. Differences in the responses of neurons in parallel pathways to sensory stimuli depend on many features of network input (e.g.,1 -4 ), including: (1) differences in the source and properties of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic input; (2) the prevalence of noise in shared circuitry that causes correlated variability in synaptic input; and (3) the source and properties of noise that limits the fidelity of action potential generation in individual neurons. Ambiguities in the signals that anatomically-defined circuits convey and/or the sources of input that parallel pathways receive frequently obscure the contribution of these factors to the functional properties of specific neurons.The mammalian retina provides an excellent opportunity to identify the contribution of distinct and shared circuitry to the functional properties of neurons in parallel pathways (reviewed in 5-7 ). Activity in On and Off RGCs is influenced by distinct features of light stimuli, and dim fluctuating light stimuli modulate action potential generation in RGCs via specific and tractable circuitry 8,9 -the rod bipolar pathway (rod -> rod bipolar -> AII amacrine -> cone bipolar terminal -> RGC; reviewed in 10-12 ). The AII amacrine cell plays a fundamental role in this circuitry by segregating signals into On and Off pathways; light-evoked depolarization of AII amacrine increases excitatory synaptic input to On RGCs through gap junctions with the synaptic terminals of On cone bipolar cells and decreases excitatory synaptic input to Off RGCs via glycinergic inhibition of the synaptic terminals of Off cone bipolar cells (Fig. 1a ).We find that AII amacrine cells, in addition to modulating excitatory synaptic input to On and Off RGCs, provide direct inhibitory synaptic input to Off RGCs. This circuitry enables lightevoked signals in AIIs to generate anti-correlated action potentials in On and Off RGCs in two fundamentally distinct ways: (1) via negatively correlated excitatory synaptic input to On and

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Section: Circuitry Governing Synaptic Input To On and Off Rgcsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Signals and noise in an inhibitory interneuron diverge to control activity in nearby retinal ganglion cells

Murphy¹

2008

Nat Neurosci

106

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“…Inhibitory transmission to ganglion cells is known to have different effects, including reducing activity (6, 10), or increasing activity through disinhibition (11)(12)(13)(14). Thus, to understand how a particular amacrine cell changes the ganglion cell response, measurements of both the response and transmission of the interneuron must be temporally precise.A common approach to understand how interneurons influence a neural circuit is to study their combined inputs by voltage clamping the postsynaptic cell (6,8,13). In this regard, recordings from retinal ganglion cells have revealed that inhibitory neurotransmission can suppress activity and that relief from inhibition can generate activity (12)(13)(14).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In this regard, recordings from retinal ganglion cells have revealed that inhibitory neurotransmission can suppress activity and that relief from inhibition can generate activity (12)(13)(14). This approach, however, measures only the combined effects of many interneurons and not their individual contributions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A common approach to understand how interneurons influence a neural circuit is to study their combined inputs by voltage clamping the postsynaptic cell (6,8,13). In this regard, recordings from retinal ganglion cells have revealed that inhibitory neurotransmission can suppress activity and that relief from inhibition can generate activity (12)(13)(14).…”

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Disinhibitory gating of retinal output by transmission from an amacrine cell

Manu

Baccus²

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Inhibitory interneurons help transform the input of a neural circuit into its output. Such interneurons are diverse, and most have unknown function. To study the function of single amacrine cells in the intact salamander retina, we recorded extracellularly from a population of ganglion cells with a multielectrode array, while simultaneously recording from or injecting current into single Offtype amacrine cells that had linear responses. We measured how visual responses of the amacrine cell interacted both with other visual input to the ganglion cell and with transmission between the two cells. We found that on average, visual responses from Off-type amacrine cells inhibited nearby Off-type ganglion cells. By recording and playing back the light-driven membrane potential fluctuations of amacrine cells during white noise visual stimuli, we found that paradoxically, increasing the light-driven modulations of inhibitory amacrine cells increased the firing rate of nearby Off-type ganglion cells. By measuring the correlations and transmission between amacrine and ganglion cells, we found that, on average, the amacrine cell hyperpolarizes before the ganglion cell fires, generating timed disinhibition just before the ganglion cell spikes. In addition, we found that amacrine to ganglion cell transmission is nonlinear in that increases in ganglion cell activity produced by amacrine hyperpolarization were greater than decreases in activity produced by amacrine depolarization. We conclude that the primary mode of action of this class of amacrine cell is to actively gate the ganglion cell response by a timed release from inhibition.multielectrode recording | computational modeling I n local neural circuits of the brain, interneurons change the output of the circuit by combining their own transmission with inputs to the circuit (1). Inhibitory interneurons throughout the brain have great diversity in their morphology, postsynaptic connections, and biochemistry, but for nearly all of these cells, their functional role in information processing is unknown. In the retina, inhibitory amacrine cells comprise more than 30 classes; most of these cells also have unknown function (2, 3).Compared with a principal neuron, which represents a circuit's output, understanding the functional role of interneurons is a challenge because the effect of an interneuron on the circuit's output is a combination of multiple circuit properties (4, 5). For example, the effect of an amacrine cell on a retinal ganglion cell is a function of the amacrine cell's light response, its effects of transmission on the retinal ganglion cell, and of other visual input to the ganglion cell. Knowledge of all three of these properties is needed to predict how the amacrine cell will affect the ganglion cell's activity.The responses of different cells are precisely timed in the retina, with different amacrine and ganglion cells having distinct temporal responses with respect to light (6-9). Inhibitory transmission to ganglion cells is known to have different effects, i...

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Multifunctional Optoelectronics via Harnessing Defects in Layered Black Phosphorus

Ahmed

Kuriakose

Abbas

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

109

140

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Layered black phosphorus (BP), a promising 2D material, tends to oxidize under ambient conditions. While such defective BP is typically considered undesirable, defect engineering has in fact been exploited in contemporary materials to create new behaviors and functionalities. In this spirit, new opportunities arising from intrinsic defect states in BP, particularly through harnessing unique photoresponse characteristics, and demonstrating three distinct optoelectronic applications are demonstrated. First, the ability to distinguish between UV-A and UV-B radiations using a single material that has tremendous implications for skin health management is shown. Second, the same device is utilized to show an optically stimulated mimicry of synaptic behavior opening new possibilities in neuromorphic computing. Third, it is shown that serially connected devices can be used to perform digital logic operations using light. The underpinning photoresponse is further translated on flexible substrates, highlighting the viability of the technology for mechanically conformable and wearable systems. This demonstration paves the way toward utilizing the unexplored potential offered by defect engineering of 2D materials for applications spanning across a broad range of disciplines.

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Light-Evoked Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Inputs to ON and OFF α Ganglion Cells in the Mouse Retina

Cited by 232 publications

References 50 publications

Signals and noise in an inhibitory interneuron diverge to control activity in nearby retinal ganglion cells

Signals and noise in an inhibitory interneuron diverge to control activity in nearby retinal ganglion cells

Disinhibitory gating of retinal output by transmission from an amacrine cell

Multifunctional Optoelectronics via Harnessing Defects in Layered Black Phosphorus

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