Light-emitting diodes fabricated with conjugated polymers — recent progress

Baigent, D.R.; Greenham, Neil C.; Grüner, J.; Marks, R. N.; Friend, Richard H.; Moratti, Stephen C.; Holmes, Andrew B.

doi:10.1016/0379-6779(94)90004-3

Cited by 170 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Several types of OLED, including conjugated polymers, [5][6][7] metal complexes, 8,11 and dyes 9,10 have demonstrated desirable optoelectronic properties, such the emitting wavelength and efficiency, thermal stability, and amorphous film formation property. Synthetic aspects of the OLED investigation have been largely on a trial and error basis, mostly depending on empirical rules, such as the prediction of emitting wavelengths based on HOMO and LUMO energy levels.…”

Section: -15mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum Chemical Study of the OLED Materials Tris[4'-(1"-phenylbenzimidazol-2"-yl)phenyl] Derivatives of Amine and Benzene

Hwang¹,

Kim²,

Lee³

2011

Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society

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Since its discovery by Tang and Van Slyke 1 and by Burroughes and co-workers, 2 organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is under intensive study as a very promising material for low-cost large-area light-emitting display technology. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Several types of OLED, including conjugated polymers, 5-7 metal complexes, 8,11 and dyes 9,10 have demonstrated desirable optoelectronic properties, such the emitting wavelength and efficiency, thermal stability, and amorphous film formation property. Synthetic aspects of the OLED investigation have been largely on a trial and error basis, mostly depending on empirical rules, such as the prediction of emitting wavelengths based on HOMO and LUMO energy levels. If the relationship between the optoelectronic properties and molecular structures of OLED is systematically understood, designing of the light-emitting materials would be more facile and economical.Quantum chemical investigations that have tremendously affected synthetic chemistry through studies of structureproperty relationship and underlying mechanism seem to have been much less helpful for studying OLED materials in this respect, probably due to the large size of molecules. Recent progress in quantum chemical methods, especially the advent of density functional theory (DFT) and timedependent DFT (TDDFT), now allows systematic calculations for the structure and properties of OLED materials both in electronically ground and excited states to provide invaluable knowledge for photoabsorption and emission, and charge carrier mobility.In the present work, we study the tris[4'-(1''-phenylbenzimidazol-2''-yl)phenyl] derivatives of amine (TPBPA: tri[4-(1'-phenylbenzimidazol-2'-yl)phenyl]amine) and benzene (TPBPB: 1,3,5-tris[4'-(1''-phenylbenzimidazol-2''-yl)phenyl]benzene) that were observed to have very useful emission properties. 16,17 We describe their geometry and the electronic spectra, finding that the calculated electronic absorption and emission spectra of the two OLED materials agree very well with experimental observations.Structures of the electronic ground states are obtained by using the B3LYP (Becke's three parameter hybrid method 18 and the correlation functional by Lee, Yang and Parr 19 ) method with the 6-31g(d) basis set implemented in Gaussian 03 set of programs. 20 The energy of the electronic excited states is calculated by using the TDDFT (B3LYP) and single-excitation CIS (CI-Single excitations) with the 6-31g(d) basis set. Stationary structures are obtained by verifying that all the harmonic frequencies are real. Default options are employed for all optimizations. No symmetry constraints are imposed during the optimizations.

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Section: -15mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum Chemical Study of the OLED Materials Tris[4'-(1"-phenylbenzimidazol-2"-yl)phenyl] Derivatives of Amine and Benzene

Hwang¹,

Kim²,

Lee³

2011

Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society

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“…Since the first demonstration of a green organic light emitting diode in 1987 by Tang and VanSlyke [1], numerous organic molecules and polymers have been found that exhibit electroluminescence in the blue, green and red spectral region [2,3]. Organic electroluminescent devices represent a low cost route for display technology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…That is, for development of large area light-emitting displays there is considerable interest in the study of electroluminescent polymers because of the structural flexibility, low cost of fabrication and low operation voltage. A variety of organic materials including polymers [1][2][3][4][5][6], metal complexes [7] and fluorescent dyes [8,9] have demonstrated electroluminescence since organic materials generally produce emission due to the π−π * transition. In fact, the generation of light in the device is due to recombination of electrons and holes injected from the electrodes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Approach to Design Light Emitting Devices Using Electroactive Dyes

et al. 2002

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Organic electroluminescence (EL) single layer devices using electroactive dyes incorporated in poly-vinylcarbazole (PVK) were fabricated. The molecular structures of the twophoton dyes are the generic D-π−Α, D-π−D, and A-π−Α, structural motif, composed of a diphenylamine donor (D), a distyrylfluorene π-bridge, and an oxadiazole acceptor (A). A single layer type of EL device of ITO/PVK:DYE/Ca/Al was fabricated. The light emission peak and the threshold of the electroluminescence emission depend on the structure and concentration of the dye. The EL intensity increases with the dye concentration and it was found that as the voltage is increased the brightness increases and reaches a value 498 cd/m 2 at an applied voltage of 25 V for the D-π−Α dye. We present a physical explanation of this observed behavior and show that this has significant impact on the design of light emitting devices using these organic dyes.

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“…Conductive polymers are often used as corrosion resistant coatings [1 -4] but have also found applications in light emitting diodes [5] and sensor devices [6]. The most widely studied polymer is polyaniline (PANi) because of its air and thermal stability, ease of processing and increased corrosion protection to coated steel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corrosion of polyaniline-coated steel in high pH electrolytes

Martyak¹,

McAndrew²,

McCaskie³

et al. 2002

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials

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Cyclic polarization measurements made on steel, iron oxalate-coated steel and polyaniline in a high pH solution and in the absence of chloride ions showed no tendency of the surface towards pitting corrosion. In all cases, the pitting potential was similar to the protection potential. Chlorides in the caustic solution caused significant pitting in the bare steel and slight pitting in the oxalate coated steel. The polyaniline coated-steel showed no pitting in the chloride-containing alkaline solution. Scratches through the polyaniline coating did not initiate pitting in the polyaniline coated steel surface when tested in the chloride-containing solutions. q

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Light-emitting diodes fabricated with conjugated polymers — recent progress

Cited by 170 publications

References 47 publications

Quantum Chemical Study of the OLED Materials Tris[4'-(1"-phenylbenzimidazol-2"-yl)phenyl] Derivatives of Amine and Benzene

Quantum Chemical Study of the OLED Materials Tris[4'-(1"-phenylbenzimidazol-2"-yl)phenyl] Derivatives of Amine and Benzene

A New Approach to Design Light Emitting Devices Using Electroactive Dyes

Corrosion of polyaniline-coated steel in high pH electrolytes

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