Lifting the smokescreen of science diplomacy: comparing the political instrumentation of science and innovation centres

Abstract

The notion of science diplomacy (SD) has increasingly gained momentum in recent years, however, it remains an empirically largely underexplored topic. This paper contributes to the study of SD by taking an instrument-centred perspective and focusses on science and innovation centres (SIC), a novel policy instrument in the science diplomacy toolbox. SIC are distinct units or satellite institutes, established by governments abroad, operating at the nexus of higher education, research, innovation, and diplomacy. Based on a comparative analysis, this article examines the rise of SIC in Germany and Switzerland. By means of applying a policy instrumentation lens, the career and development of the two SIC is retraced and insights are generated into their political instrumentation. Doing so contributes to unfold the blackbox of what is generally labelled as SD. In-depth interviews and analysis serve as the empirical foundation of this study. Ultimately, the results of this policy instrument study uncover the similarities and differences in SIC development and reveal their political instrumentation over time. It becomes evident that the objectives linked to SIC, and hence SD, are clearly motivated by national needs. Furthermore, notions of SD are reflective of a certain Zeitgeist that is mirrored in the design of an overall, new, policy yet also marks a relabelling of long-existing practices. This study, accordingly, contributes to the knowledge base of SD as it enhances the scholarly understanding of SD instruments in terms of history, actors and political instrumentation while also offering a theoretical anchoring.

Is it real? Science diplomacy in the Arctic states’ strategies

“…Indeed, as Epping (2020) argues, science can be a very effective "tool of soft power, given its neutral and non-political character". Therefore, when SD is used alongside other foreign policy mechanisms, it can help maintain existing relationships and foster new ones, while keeping open lines of communication (Epping, 2020;The Royal Society, 2010), such as those that have been developed through scientific and intergovernmental networks.…”

Organized Scientific Diaspora and Its Contributions to Science Diplomacy in Emerging Economies: The Case of Latin America and the Caribbean

“…According to Turekian ( 2018 ) SD supports the development of science and knowledge exchanges that go beyond the generation of scientific achievements. Epping ( 2020 ) explains that SD considers science to be a vehicle to foreign policy goals by addressing the pre-political room in the sense of operating as a depoliticizing element and unfolding impact in different ways than traditional diplomacy.…”

Scientific diasporas and the advancement of science diplomacy: The InFEWS US-China program in the face of confrontational “America First” diplomacy

“…These centers require the efforts and collaboration of universities, research institutes, think tanks, innovation organizations, and public institutions. The cases and best practices from Germany and Switzerland shed light on the positive impact of these efforts (Epping, 2020 ). Other types of analysis found are the impact assessment reports of international research collaboration programs.…”