Lifetime traumatic stressors and adverse childhood experiences uniquely predict concurrent PTSD, complex PTSD, and dissociative subtype of PTSD symptoms whereas recent adult non-traumatic stressors do not: results from an online survey study

Frewen, Paul A.; Zhu, Jenney; Lanius, Ruth A.

doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1606625

Cited by 96 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…For the purposes of analysing the intensity of symptoms, the average score on each cluster is reported with the possible range from 0 to 4. Initial evidence supports the psychometric properties of the ITQ in different settings (Frewen et al, 2019;Ho et al, 2019). In our sample, the internal reliability measured by Cronbach's alpha was 0.77 for PTSD scale and 0.89 for CPTSD scale.…”

Section: The International Trauma Questionnaire (Itq)supporting

confidence: 78%

“…Although the ICD-11 proposes an association with specific types of stressors as risk factors rather than a requirement for development of CPTSD (Cloitre et al, 2018), considerable research has found childhood trauma to have significant impact on various outcomes in adulthood, particularly CPTSD (e.g. Frewen et al, 2019;Karatzias et al, 2019;Van der Kolk et al, 2019). The LEC-5 takes no explicit account of childhood trauma, which represents one of the major limitations of this measure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the differential diagnosis between the two disorders is determined by the symptom profile, the types of events associated with higher risk for ICD-11 CPTSD are expected to be sustained, repeated, or multiple forms of traumatic exposure (Cloitre et al, 2013;Ford & Courtois, 2014;Gilbar, Hyland, Cloitre, & Dekel, 2018;Herman, 1992a;Van der Kolk, 1987). Typically, CPTSD is associated with prolonged interpersonal trauma particularly with multiple forms of childhood interpersonal trauma (Cloitre et al, 2013(Cloitre et al, , 2014Frewen, Zhu, & Lanius, 2019;Karatzias et al, 2019Karatzias et al, , 2017Knefel, Garvert, Cloitre, & Lueger-Schuster, 2015;Van der Kolk, Ford, & Spinazzola, 2019). Exposure to severe trauma in childhood is associated with dissociation (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Complex PTSD among treatment-seeking veterans with PTSD

Letica-Crepulja

Stevanović

Protuđer

et al. 2020

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Background: In the ICD-11 hierarchical classification structure, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD) are separate and distinct but also 'sibling' disorders, meaning that the diagnoses follow from the parent category of traumatic stress disorders. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of CPTSD in treatmentseeking war veterans with PTSD more than 20 years after the exposure to cumulative warrelated trauma(s). The second aim was to examine if there was an association between demographic and psychosocial variables and CPTSD or PTSD. Method: A sample of 160 male war veterans with PTSD referred to the outpatient service of the PTSD Referral Centre at the Clinical Hospital Centre (CHC) Rijeka participated in a crosssectional study. Psychiatric comorbidity was assessed using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and participants completed validated self-report measures: The Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5), International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ). Results: In total, 80.63% of the sample met criteria for a probable diagnosis of CPTSD. The study revealed that there was no significant difference in the length of deployment, in the intensity of the PTSD symptoms, types of trauma exposure and pharmacotherapeutic treatment between PTSD and CPTSD group. It was found that veterans with PTSD were more likely to be divorced and to participate in PTSD clubs. On the other hand, veterans with CPTSD were significantly more likely to have higher levels of functional impairment and comorbidity with general anxiety disorder (GAD) compared to the PTSD group. Conclusions: This study supports the proposition that a prolonged trauma of severe interpersonal intensity such as war is related to high rates of CPTSD among treatmentseeking veterans, years after the war. The distinction between PTSD and complex PTSD may help the selection of person-centred treatment interventions that would target specific mental health and functional problems in patients.

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Section: The International Trauma Questionnaire (Itq)supporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Complex PTSD among treatment-seeking veterans with PTSD

Letica-Crepulja

Stevanović

Protuđer

et al. 2020

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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“…Elderly persons might be more distressed by measures of self-isolation than younger person due to fewer social contacts (Armitage & Nellums, 2020 ). Previous or current mental or physical health conditions (Liu, Chen, Lin, & Han, 2020 ) and previous trauma exposure (Frewen, Zhu, & Lanius, 2019 ) may be additional factors that may place people at greater risk. People who have COVID-19, or who have personal contact with people who may have COVID-19, are prone to mental health problems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stressors, coping and symptoms of adjustment disorder in the course of the COVID-19 pandemic – study protocol of the European Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ESTSS) pan-European study

Lotzin

Acquarini

Ajduković

et al. 2020

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Background: During the current COVID-19 pandemic, the people in Europe are exposed to self-isolation, quarantine, job loss, risk of contracting COVID-19, or grief of loved ones. Such a complex array of stressors may lead to symptoms of adjustment disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder. This research protocol describes a study launched by the European Society of Traumatic Stress Studies (ESTSS) to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on symptoms of adjustment disorder across European countries. Objective: The longitudinal online cohort study aims (1) to explore psychosocial reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic across ten European countries; (2) to examine the relationships between risk and resilience factors, stressors and symptoms of adjustment disorder during the pandemic; and (3) to investigate whether these relationships are moderated by coping behaviours. Method: In ten countries

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“…These effects are not specific and influence mental, physical, and physiological effects [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Some examples of the undesired effects of exposure to childhood trauma include anxiety [7], PTSD [8], depression [7], suicide [1,6], substance use [9][10][11], drug use [12], and mortality [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Childhood trauma also increases the risk of respiratory, heart, and metabolic diseases [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Family Socioeconomic Status and Exposure to Childhood Trauma: Racial Differences

Assari

2020

Children

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Background: Minorities’ diminished returns (MDRs) refer to weaker effects of socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as parental educational attainment and family income in generating tangible childhood outcomes for racial and ethnic minorities compared to the majority group, a pattern prevalent in the US. Our existing knowledge is minimal, however, about diminished returns of family SES on reducing exposure to childhood trauma. Aim: To determine if there was a difference between non-Hispanic whites (NHW) and non-Hispanic blacks (NHB) in the effect of SES on exposure to childhood trauma among children ages 8–11 years old. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed data from 4696 NHW or NHB American 8–11-year-old children who were participants in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. The independent variables were parental educational attainment and family income. The primary outcome was exposure to 1 or 2+ childhood traumas, measured by the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS) semi-structured interview. Polynomial regression was used for data analysis. Results: Parental education and family income had statistically significant protective (negative) effects on childhood trauma, indicating children from high income and highly educated families were exposed to a lower level of childhood trauma. However, race/ethnicity showed statistically significant interactions with parental education and family income on exposure to childhood trauma, indicating weaker protective effects of parental education and family income on reducing exposure to trauma for NHB compared to NHW children. Race-specific models showed protective effects of parental education and family income on exposure to childhood trauma for NHW but not NHB children. Conclusion: The protective effects of parental education and family income against exposure to childhood trauma are systematically diminished for NHBs compared to NHWs. To minimize the racial/ethnic health gaps, diminished returns of parental education and family income should be addressed. There is a need for programs and interventions that equalize not only SES but also the marginal returns of SES for ethnic groups. Such efforts require addressing structural and societal barriers that hinder NHB families from translating their SES resources into tangible outcomes. There is a need for studies that can minimize MDRs for NHB families, such that SES can similarly secure tangible outcomes in the presence of SES resources.

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Lifetime traumatic stressors and adverse childhood experiences uniquely predict concurrent PTSD, complex PTSD, and dissociative subtype of PTSD symptoms whereas recent adult non-traumatic stressors do not: results from an online survey study

Cited by 96 publications

References 48 publications

Complex PTSD among treatment-seeking veterans with PTSD

Complex PTSD among treatment-seeking veterans with PTSD

Stressors, coping and symptoms of adjustment disorder in the course of the COVID-19 pandemic – study protocol of the European Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ESTSS) pan-European study

Family Socioeconomic Status and Exposure to Childhood Trauma: Racial Differences

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