Lifetime risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a longitudinal population study

Cardiovascular and Mortality Outcomes in the Elderly With Impaired Cardiac and Pulmonary Function: The Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS)

“…Similarly, IPF confers a significantly increased risk of poor clinical outcomes 7, 25. Prior observation also suggests that low FEV1 is associated with heart failure risk 26.…”

A review of the Hispanic paradox: time to spill the beans?

“…Indeed, when age and smoking are accounted for, the presence of COPD (characterised by a reduced forced expiratory volume in 1 s % predicted) is the strongest predictor of lung cancer [9]. Interestingly, the risk variables of age and pack-years have been shown to have a strong interactive effect on disease risk, with an exponential rise in disease prevalence observed in smokers compared with nonsmokers, above the age of 45 years in COPD and 65 years in lung cancer [10,11]. While there is growing evidence that the genetic factors underlying susceptibility to COPD and lung cancer are overlapping [7,12,13], there is also evidence for both diseases that the consumption of fruit and vegetables is protective [5,6].…”

The Study of Association between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

“…It is the third-ranked cause of death in the United States, killing more than 120,000 individuals each year [4]. As a consequence of its high prevalence and chronicity, COPD causes high resource utilization with frequent clinician office visits, frequent hospitalizations due to acute exacerbations, and the need for chronic therapy (e.g., supplemental oxygen therapy, medication) [12,13]. Correct diagnosis of COPD is important because appropriate management can decrease symptoms (especially dyspnea), reduce the frequency and severity of exacerbations, improve health status, improve exercise capacity, and prolong survival [5].…”

“…In an individual, the pattern of pathologic changes depends on the underlying disease (eg, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency), possibly individual susceptibility, and disease severity [14]. Airways abnormalities in COPD include chronic inflammation, increased numbers of goblet cells, mucus gland hyperplasia, fibrosis, narrowing and reduction in the number of small airways, and airway collapse due to the loss of tethering caused by alveolar wall destruction in emphysema [13]. Chronic inflammation in chronic bronchitis and emphysema is characterized by the presence of CD8+ T-lymphocytes, neutrophils, and CD68+ monocytes/macrophages in the airways [20].…”

“…However, over 80 percent of individuals infected with the bacterium are asymptomatic and it has been postulated that it may play an important role in the natural stomach ecology [51]. Bacterial virulence factors such as the cytotoxin-associated gene pathogenicity island-encoded protein CagA and the vacuolating cytotoxin VacA aid in this colonization of the gastric mucosa and subsequently seems to modulate the host's immune system [52,13]. However all patients with proven acute or chronic duodenal ulcer disease and those with gastric ulcers who are H. pylori positive should be offered eradication therapy as primary therapy.…”