Lifetime recreational exercise activity and risk of breast carcinoma in situ

Abstract

The aim of this study is the creation of an empirical model that can be used to predict the viscosity of a semicrystalline polymer melt for polymer process control. We have developed an empirical viscosity equation from both analysis and experimentation that takes into consideration the effect of temperature on both the flow behavior and the consistency index in the power law. The analysis is based on previously published literature, whereas the experimental data have been obtained from both the literature and laboratory investigations. The coefficients of the empirical model for low‐density polyethylene and polypropylene have been obtained from the experimental data derived from capillary rheometer measurements in the laboratory. This empirical model is able to produce results matching the experimental data with remarkable accuracy. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 3045–3057, 2003

Prospective Study on Physical Activity and Risk of In Situ Breast Cancer

“…Only in 1 case-control study of 567 mostly premenopausal women, an inverse association of recreational physical activity with in situ breast cancer was reported (OR 0.65; 95% CI, 0.48-0.90), but there was no evidence of a trend with increasing level of exercise (12). The other case-control studies [1 with premenopausal (11), 1 with mostly postmenopausal women (9), and the other with exclusively postmenopausal women (10)] found no association of lifetime recreational or occupational physical activity with in situ breast cancer (9, 11) or of leisure time or total physical activity with in situ breast cancer (10), respectively.…”

“…We considered several types of models, crude models and adjusted models. The maximally adjusted multivariable model was stratified by age and center and adjusted for the following potential confounders as assessed at baseline: body mass index (BMI, <25, !25-<30, !30 kg/m 2 ), age at menarche ( 11,(12)(13)(14), >14 years, missing), age at first birth (<20, 20-30, >30 years, nulliparous, missing), breastfeeding (yes, no, missing), oral contraceptive use (ever, never, missing), menopausal status (premenopausal, perimenopausal, postmenopausal), age at menopause (<43, 43-46, 47-49, 50-51, 52-53, !54, missing), number of full-term pregnancies (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, missing), use of hormone replacement therapy (ever, never, missing), smoking status (never, former, current, unknown), alcohol consumption as grams of ethanol per day (<1.5, 1.5-9, 10-19, 20-30, >30 g/d, missing) over the 12 months before recruitment, and education (none/primary school, technical/professional school, secondary school, university, not specified). Missing values (generally <2%) were accounted for by creating an extra category in each covariable.…”

“…Thus, an association with physical activity and in situ breast cancer risk would suggest that this factor acts at a relatively early stage of the carcinogenic process. To date, only 3 cohort studies (6-8) and 4 case-control studies (9)(10)(11)(12) have assessed the association of physical activity with risk of in situ breast cancer. Generally, these studies provided little evidence of an inverse association (6,(8)(9)(10)(11).…”

Cancer health disparities among Indian and Pakistani immigrants in the United States

“…This lower incidence in the immigrant populations can be attributed to the differences in smoking habits and environmental exposures among white Americans and immigrants from the Indian subcontinent. 7,[10][11][12][13][14]32 In India, cancer of the esophagus (7%) is the third most common cancer; and, in Pakistan, cancer of the larynx (6%) is the third most common cancer. However, colon cancer is the third most common cancer both in the non-Hispanic white population (10%) and in the Asian Indian and Pakistani populations (9%) in the United States.…”

“…In this regard, each year, studies are conducted in SEER areas to evaluate and improve the quality and completeness of the data being reported. [9][10][11][12][13][14] The World Health Organization (WHO) also has its own statistical information system that collects data on all major cancers from almost all countries across the world. The incidence and prevalence vary from country to country based on age, sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, environmental conditions, and other demographics.…”