Lifetime exposure to ultraviolet radiation and the risk of multiple sclerosis in the US radiologic technologists cohort study

Gallagher, Lisa G.; Ilango, Sindana D.; Wundes, Annette; Stobbe, Gary; Turk, Katherine W.; Franklin, Gary M.; Linet, Martha S.; Freedman, D. Michal; Alexander, Bruce H.; Checkoway, Harvey

doi:10.1177/1352458518783343

Cited by 19 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(58 reference statements)

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“…Vitamin D is a lipophilic vitamin present in plant (ergocalciferol, VD 2 ) and animal (cholecalciferol, VD 3 ) foods (Calvo et al., 2013; Tripkovic et al., 2017). Additionally, VD 3 is synthesized in the skin as the biologically active VD form by exposure to the ultraviolet radiation from the sun (Gallagher et al., 2019). The marker for VD status is circulating 25(OH)D in the blood which is correlated with disease prevention and regulation of physiological functions (Abdel‐Rehim, El‐Tahan, El‐Tarawy, Shehata, & Kamel, 2019; Di Somma et al., 2017; Goncalves et al., 2014; Hoseini, Damirchi, & Babaei, 2017; Hu et al., 2019; Morello et al., 2018; Wintermeyer et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Encapsulation of vitamin D₃ in gum arabic to enhance bioavailability and stability for beverage applications

Lamsen

Wang

D’Souza

et al. 2020

Journal of Food Science

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Delivery of vitamin D3 (VD3) in foods should exhibit desirable physicochemical characteristics and improves absorption. In this study, gum arabic (GA) was investigated as a VD3 carrier to encapsulate VD3. VD3 dissolved in 5 mL ethanol corresponding to 0.3 to 6.0% mass of GA, was blended in 5.0% w/v GA solution, followed by freeze drying. The encapsulation efficiency decreased while loading capacity increased with an increased amount of VD3. At the highest VD3 level, the loading capacity (3.47%) was the highest, and the encapsulation efficiency (61.24%) was satisfactory, and the treatment was further studied. The magnitude of negative zeta‐potential increased from 3.1 to 31.0 mV at pH 2.0 to 7.4. During the 100‐day storage at 3 °C of capsules reconstituted at pH 2.0 to 7.4, the hydrodynamic diameter decreased at all pH conditions, most evident for reduction to 81.3 nm at pH 7.4, and no precipitation was observed, indicating the significance of steric repulsion on capsule stability. Bioaccessibility of VD3 in capsules (95.76%) was significantly higher than the nonencapsulated VD3 (68.98%). The in vivo pharmacokinetic study in Sprague–Dawley rats after a single‐dose of 300 µg VD3 showed the area‐under‐curve of serum 25(OHD) level in 48 hr of the encapsulation treatment was 4.32‐fold of the nonencapsulated VD3 and more than twice higher than the VD3‐GA physical mixture. During 2‐week supplementation of 60 µg VD3/d, rats receiving capsules or physical mixture had 25(OH)D levels of at least 81 ng/mL higher than that of the nonencapsulated VD3 group. The studied encapsulation system holds great potential as a value‐added ingredient to supplement VD3 in beverages with a wide pH range. Practical Application The findings of this study demonstrated the improved dispersion stability and absorption of vitamin D3 after encapsulation in gum arabic. The capsules exhibited good dispersion stability across a pH range between 2.0 and 7.4, showing potential application in beverages. Furthermore, the enhanced absorption of VD3 after encapsulation highlights the nutritional benefits of the studied encapsulation system.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Encapsulation of vitamin D₃ in gum arabic to enhance bioavailability and stability for beverage applications

Lamsen

Wang

D’Souza

et al. 2020

Journal of Food Science

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“…Several case-control studies showed a protective association between higher sun exposure and lower risk of MS [30,31] or a precursor state (first demyelinating event; FDE) [32,33]. The evidence is consistent across a range of markers of higher sun exposure: winter residential UV radiation [34], self-reported past time outdoors, with or without adjustment for ambient UV radiation levels [30,31,32,33], cumulative actinic damage to the back of the hand measured using silicone skin casts [31,32], cumulative UV-related disease score (skin cancers, cataracts, pterygium) [32], and 25(OH)D levels close to the time of diagnosis [32,33]. The reduction in risk is significant, for example, 55% lower risk with high (score > 3) compared to low (≤3) cumulative actinic damage [32].…”

Section: Individual-level Studies To Better Define Associationsmentioning

confidence: 90%

On the Nature of Evidence and ‘Proving’ Causality: Smoking and Lung Cancer vs. Sun Exposure, Vitamin D and Multiple Sclerosis

Lucas

Harris

2018

IJERPH

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If environmental exposures are shown to cause an adverse health outcome, reducing exposure should reduce the disease risk. Links between exposures and outcomes are typically based on ‘associations’ derived from observational studies, and causality may not be clear. Randomized controlled trials to ‘prove’ causality are often not feasible or ethical. Here the history of evidence that tobacco smoking causes lung cancer—from observational studies—is compared to that of low sun exposure and/or low vitamin D status as causal risk factors for the autoimmune disease, multiple sclerosis (MS). Evidence derives from in vitro and animal studies, as well as ecological, case-control and cohort studies, in order of increasing strength. For smoking and lung cancer, the associations are strong, consistent, and biologically plausible—the evidence is coherent or ‘in harmony’. For low sun exposure/vitamin D as risk factors for MS, the evidence is weaker, with smaller effect sizes, but coherent across a range of sources of evidence, and biologically plausible. The association is less direct—smoking is directly toxic and carcinogenic to the lung, but sun exposure/vitamin D modulate the immune system, which in turn may reduce the risk of immune attack on self-proteins in the central nervous system. Opinion about whether there is sufficient evidence to conclude that low sun exposure/vitamin D increase the risk of multiple sclerosis, is divided. General public health advice to receive sufficient sun exposure to avoid vitamin D deficiency (<50 nmol/L) should also ensure any benefits for multiple sclerosis, but must be tempered against the risk of skin cancers.

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“…Among the 19 papers focused on MS, with sun exposure being the most studied environmental factor (n = 13), one was methodological and did not measure any outcome related to MS [97]. An inverse association between MS and sun exposure was reported in seven studies [98][99][100][101][102][103][104]. In contrast, in the other three studies, no significant association was found [105][106][107], one of which attributed the results to the adjusting for latitude [105].…”

Section: Qualitative Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most studies simply used administrative divisions as geographic analysis to assess exposure to atmospheric factors, but GIS and remote sensing were also broadly used to spatially compute and model those factors. Specifically, studies that used remote sensing focused on NASA's (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) satellite TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) to compute the amount of sun exposure [97,101,104,107].…”

Section: Qualitative Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Geospatial Analysis of Environmental Atmospheric Risk Factors in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systematic Review

Oliveira

Padrão

Ramalho

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Despite the vast evidence on the environmental influence in neurodegenerative diseases, those considering a geospatial approach are scarce. We conducted a systematic review to identify studies concerning environmental atmospheric risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases that have used geospatial analysis/tools. PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched for all scientific studies that included a neurodegenerative disease, an environmental atmospheric factor, and a geographical analysis. Of the 34 included papers, approximately 60% were related to multiple sclerosis (MS), hence being the most studied neurodegenerative disease in the context of this study. Sun exposure (n = 13) followed by the most common exhaustion gases (n = 10 for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and n = 5 for carbon monoxide (CO)) were the most studied atmospheric factors. Only one study used a geospatial interpolation model, although 13 studies used remote sensing data to compute atmospheric factors. In 20% of papers, we found an inverse correlation between sun exposure and multiple sclerosis. No consensus was reached in the analysis of nitrogen dioxide and Parkinson’s disease, but it was related to dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This systematic review (number CRD42020196188 in PROSPERO’s database) provides an insight into the available evidence regarding the geospatial influence of environmental factors on neurodegenerative diseases.

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Lifetime exposure to ultraviolet radiation and the risk of multiple sclerosis in the US radiologic technologists cohort study

Abstract: Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that UVR exposure reduces MS risk and may ultimately suggest prevention strategies.

Cited by 19 publications

References 35 publications

Encapsulation of vitamin D₃ in gum arabic to enhance bioavailability and stability for beverage applications

Encapsulation of vitamin D₃ in gum arabic to enhance bioavailability and stability for beverage applications

On the Nature of Evidence and ‘Proving’ Causality: Smoking and Lung Cancer vs. Sun Exposure, Vitamin D and Multiple Sclerosis

Geospatial Analysis of Environmental Atmospheric Risk Factors in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systematic Review

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Lifetime exposure to ultraviolet radiation and the risk of multiple sclerosis in the US radiologic technologists cohort study

Abstract: Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that UVR exposure reduces MS risk and may ultimately suggest prevention strategies.

Cited by 19 publications

References 35 publications

Encapsulation of vitamin D3 in gum arabic to enhance bioavailability and stability for beverage applications

Encapsulation of vitamin D3 in gum arabic to enhance bioavailability and stability for beverage applications

On the Nature of Evidence and ‘Proving’ Causality: Smoking and Lung Cancer vs. Sun Exposure, Vitamin D and Multiple Sclerosis

Geospatial Analysis of Environmental Atmospheric Risk Factors in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systematic Review

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Encapsulation of vitamin D₃ in gum arabic to enhance bioavailability and stability for beverage applications

Encapsulation of vitamin D₃ in gum arabic to enhance bioavailability and stability for beverage applications