Lifestyles of the Effector Rich: Genome-Enabled Characterization of Bacterial Plant Pathogens

Collmer, Alan; Schneider, David J.; Lindeberg, Magdalen

doi:10.1104/pp.109.140327

Cited by 28 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 74 publications

(67 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Lys-M domains are involved in carbohydrate binding, including chitin, and therefore Ecp6 is proposed to be a chitinbinding lectin (18,19). However, the occurrence of homologous effectors has been described before for several bacteria and oomycetes, where their distribution within and across species suggests a basic role in virulence and host species-and cultivarspecificity (20)(21)(22). Analogous to what has been described for bacterial and oomycete pathogens, we can now distinguish three classes of fungal effectors based on their presence or absence in different species, using the C. fulvum effectors as an example.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tomato Cf resistance proteins mediate recognition of cognate homologous effectors from fungi pathogenic on dicots and monocots

Stergiopoulos

Burg²,

Ökmen³

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

172

212

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Most fungal effectors characterized so far are species-specific and facilitate virulence on a particular host plant. During infection of its host tomato, Cladosporium fulvum secretes effectors that function as virulence factors in the absence of cognate Cf resistance proteins and induce effector-triggered immunity in their presence. Here we show that homologs of the C. fulvum Avr4 and Ecp2 effectors are present in other pathogenic fungi of the Dothideomycete class, including Mycosphaerella fijiensis, the causal agent of black Sigatoka disease of banana. We demonstrate that the Avr4 homolog of M. fijiensis is a functional ortholog of C. fulvum Avr4 that protects fungal cell walls against hydrolysis by plant chitinases through binding to chitin and, despite the low overall sequence homology, triggers a Cf-4-mediated hypersensitive response (HR) in tomato. Furthermore, three homologs of C. fulvum Ecp2 are found in M. fijiensis, one of which induces different levels of necrosis or HR in tomato lines that lack or contain a putative cognate Cf-Ecp2 protein, respectively. In contrast to Avr4, which acts as a defensive virulence factor, M. fijiensis Ecp2 likely promotes virulence by interacting with a putative host target causing host cell necrosis, whereas Cf-Ecp2 could possibly guard the virulence target of Ecp2 and trigger a Cf-Ecp2-mediated HR. Overall our data suggest that Avr4 and Ecp2 represent core effectors that are collectively recognized by single cognate Cfproteins. Transfer of these Cf genes to plant species that are attacked by fungi containing these cognate core effectors provides unique ways for breeding disease-resistant crops.Cladosporium fulvum | Mycosphaerella fijiensis | effector-triggered immunity | biotrophy | toxigenic peptides

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tomato Cf resistance proteins mediate recognition of cognate homologous effectors from fungi pathogenic on dicots and monocots

Stergiopoulos

Burg²,

Ökmen³

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

172

212

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…An effective recognition system must be able to sense and respond to a multitude of effectors, since each pathogen delivers its unique repertoire. 15 In plants, effector recognition can occur by direct binding of the NB-LRR protein or indirectly, via an intermediate protein.…”

Section: Immune Surveillance Systems In Plants and Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Programmed cell death in the plant immune system

2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cell death has a central role in innate immune responses in both plants and animals. Besides sharing striking convergences and similarities in the overall evolutionary organization of their innate immune systems, both plants and animals can respond to infection and pathogen recognition with programmed cell death. The fact that plant and animal pathogens have evolved strategies to subvert specific cell death modalities emphasizes the essential role of cell death during immune responses. The hypersensitive response (HR) cell death in plants displays morphological features, molecular architectures and mechanisms reminiscent of different inflammatory cell death types in animals (pyroptosis and necroptosis). In this review, we describe the molecular pathways leading to cell death during innate immune responses. Additionally, we present recently discovered caspase and caspase-like networks regulating cell death that have revealed fascinating analogies between cell death control across both kingdoms.

show abstract

“…Enterobacterial soft-rot pathogens of the genus Pectobacterium include broad host-range pathogens that cause disease in a variety of plant species and economically important crops, such as potato [1, 5, 6]. Similar to many other necrotrophic brute force pathogens, resistance to broad host-range Pectobacteria is complex and does not appear to involve single resistance genes [7–9]. Instead, general plant innate immunity systems, including salicylic acid (SA)- and jasmonic acid/ethylene (JA/ET)-mediated defenses, are triggered by conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) [10–15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short oligogalacturonides induce pathogen resistance-associated gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundOligogalacturonides (OGs) are important components of damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) signaling and influence growth regulation in plants. Recent studies have focused on the impact of long OGs (degree of polymerization (DP) from 10–15), demonstrating the induction of plant defense signaling resulting in enhanced defenses to necrotrophic pathogens. To clarify the role of trimers (trimeric OGs, DP3) in DAMP signaling and their impact on plant growth regulation, we performed a transcriptomic analysis through the RNA sequencing of Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to trimers.ResultsThe transcriptomic data from trimer-treated Arabidopsis seedlings indicate a clear activation of genes involved in defense signaling, phytohormone signaling and a down-regulation of genes involved in processes related to growth regulation and development. This is further accompanied with improved defenses against necrotrophic pathogens triggered by the trimer treatment, indicating that short OGs have a clear impact on plant responses, similar to those described for long OGs.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that trimers are indeed active elicitors of plant defenses. This is clearly indicated by the up-regulation of genes associated with plant defense signaling, accompanied with improved defenses against necrotrophic pathogens. Moreover, trimers simultaneously trigger a clear down-regulation of genes and gene sets associated with growth and development, leading to stunted seedling growth in Arabidopsis.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-016-0959-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

show abstract

Lifestyles of the Effector Rich: Genome-Enabled Characterization of Bacterial Plant Pathogens

Cited by 28 publications

References 74 publications

Tomato Cf resistance proteins mediate recognition of cognate homologous effectors from fungi pathogenic on dicots and monocots

Tomato Cf resistance proteins mediate recognition of cognate homologous effectors from fungi pathogenic on dicots and monocots

Programmed cell death in the plant immune system

Short oligogalacturonides induce pathogen resistance-associated gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About