Lifestyles and identity maintenance among gay Japanese-American males

Racial and Sexual Identities of Asian American Gay Men

“…They also felt that their parents' reactions were more negative, and it took longer for them to be accepted by their parents. These findings are consistent with previous studies in which Asian Americans were more likely to come-out to friends or siblings than to their parents (Chan, 1989;Wooden et al, 1983). Asian Americans may experience extra hardship in coming out to their parents, in addition to other coming-out issues facing LGB persons in general.…”

“…Consequently, the coming-out process for an Asian American LGB person initially involves Westernization or assimilation into the mainstream White gay culture (Chan, 1997). On the other hand, the middle-class oriented, predominantly White gay community is often discriminatory and nonresponsive to Asian Americans (Chan, 1989;Matteson, 1997;Newman & Muzzonigro, 1993;Wooden et al, 1983). Experience with stereotypes and discrimination may force Asian American LGB persons to refine their racial identity attitudes.…”

Understanding Asian/American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Experiences from a Poststructural Perspective

“…Some use the work of developmental theorists (Akerlund & Cheung, 2000;C. S. Chan, 1989;Chung & Katayama, 1998;Hahm & Adkins, 2009;Wooden et al, 1983) as a foundation for describing how identity formation occurs in individuals 1216 M. Narui and the impact of different social identity traits on that development (C. S. Chan, 1989;Rosario, Schrimshaw, & Hunter, 2004;Wooden et al, 1983). Other studies are simply descriptive in nature.…”

“…However, to date, these models have not been applied to Asian/American GLB populations, and limited research has been conducted in general on the experiences of Asian/American GLB students and their identity formation processes. Past studies of Asian/American GLB individuals have analyzed existing literature (Akerlund & Cheung, 2000;Chung & Katayama, 1998;Hahm & Adkins, 2009), compared Asian/American GLB individuals to other people of color (Cochran, Mays, Alegria, Ortega, & Takeuchi, 2007), or have focused on Asian/American individuals, but have involved very few subjects (Badruddoja, 2006;Clark, 2005;Hahm, Wong, Huang, Ozonoff, & Lee, 2008;Kumashiro, 1999) or only subjects from particular geographic backgrounds (Badruddoja, 2006;Sohng & Icard, 1996;Wooden, Kawasaki, & Mayeda, 1983).…”

The Intersection of Race and Bisexuality

“…Studies of identity development for ethnic minorities, and for lesbians, gays, and bisexuals have previously been examined in the context of ethnic minority and lesbian or gay identity models (Espin, 1987;Wooden, Kawasaki, & Mayeda, 1983). These studies used Cass's (1979) model of homosexuality identity formation.…”