Lifestyle-Routine Activities, Neighborhood Context, and Ethnic Hate Crime Victimization

McNeeley, Susan; Overstreet, Suzanne

doi:10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-17-00136

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…In other words, essential workers are more frequently in public settings in which they are able to be targeted, while those who engage in total social distancing are more likely to be at home. These findings are consistent with prior research on routine activities, lifestyle factors and non-pandemic related victimization (see McNeeley & Overstreet, 2018)-as well as research on non-Asian hate crime during the pandemic (see Wenger & Lantz,202 a,202 b)-which finds that those individuals with more exposure to potential hate crime offenders (i.e., essential workers who could not "stay at home") are more likely to be the victims of hate crime. Finally, those who became unemployed during the pandemic are more likely to have been victimized than those who were already unemployed prior to the pandemic.…”

Section: Np1105supporting

confidence: 92%

Anti-Asian Xenophobia, Hate Crime Victimization, and Fear of Victimization During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Lantz

Wenger

2022

J Interpers Violence

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While the World Health Organization advised against referring to COVID-19 using racial overtones, as the COVID-19 pandemic spread, many disparagingly called it the “Wuhan virus,” the “Chinese virus,” and other terms. In this context, the FBI warned police agencies about an expected increase in anti-Asian hate crimes during the early months of the pandemic. But, while some researchers and media outlets discussed these potential increases at length, very few studies have been able to directly assess the nature of anti-Asian hate and bias victimization during the pandemic. Following this, the current study directly examines variation in anti-Asian bias and victimization in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, this research presents results from two studies using a survey of 3,163 non-Asian and 575 Asian American and Pacific Islander respondents, respectively. The first study examines the prevalence of anti-Asian xenophobia among the non-Asian sample and assesses differences in these prejudicial attitudes across respondent characteristics, while the second study examines variation in experiences with bias during the pandemic among the Asian sample. The results illustrate the ubiquity of anti-Asian sentiment, suggesting that those who indicate greater fear of the pandemic report more prejudicial attitudes, as well as important racial differences in these patterns. The results also demonstrate the extent to which the pandemic has impacted individual experiences with anti-Asian bias victimization, such that more than one-third of Asian respondents report bias victimization during the pandemic, and more than half of Asian respondents report that they know someone who has been victimized. These patterns have important implications for addressing COVID-19-related hate crime moving forward.

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Section: Np1105supporting

confidence: 92%

Anti-Asian Xenophobia, Hate Crime Victimization, and Fear of Victimization During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Lantz

Wenger

2022

J Interpers Violence

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“…The relationship also breaks down in more advantaged neighborhoods, where people may not be as willing to admit that such things happen in their neighborhood. Another study of neighborhood contexts found that neighborhoods that were low in collective self-efficacy were more likely to experience bias crimes (McNeeley & Overstreet, 2018). Causality is difficult to discern in these neighborhood-based studies, but given the research to date discussed in this chapter, the community impacts of bias crime-creating boundaries between people, making them suspicious of one another, breaking down their neighborliness, and decreasing their collective sense of being one community-most likely invites more bias crimes.…”

Section: Community At-large: Harms To Community Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“Message” crimes: Understanding the community impacts of bias crime.

Stotzer¹,

Sabagala²

2020

Perspectives on Hate: How It Originates, Develops, Manifests, and Spreads.

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O n October 27, 2018, a man armed with an AR-15 rifle and multiple handguns entered the Tree of Life synagogue in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Spouting anti-Semitic slurs, after posting numerous anti-Semitic sentiments online as well, he entered the synagogue and began randomly shooting. He killed 11 people, predominantly older adults doing nothing more than participating in religious services, and injured many others. While attempting to leave he was confronted by law enforcement officers, and he then fled back inside and barricaded himself for a short time before surrendering to police.The attack on the Tree of Life Synagogue was the deadliest attack on Jews in U.S. history, leaving the Squirrel Hill and Pittsburgh area devastated and the Jewish community rocked. Bias-based violence has been a consistent part of the human experience, but only since the late 20th century have bias crimes been recognized as a unique type of crime in many legal and social systems with unique impacts. Although bias crimes (also known as hate crimes) are defined differently across jurisdictions, the definition typically involves two parts-a base offense (e.g., an assault, vandalism) and a determination that the base offense occurred in whole or in part as a result of the perpetrator's bias against a group or identity (e.g., race, ethnicity, religion). Bias crimes have also been called message crimes because they send a message that someone is "different," unwanted, and less valuable than others in the community (e.g.

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“…This contingency is writ large for Muslim women. When she is in a predominantly Muslim neighbourhood – a context where she is just like our sisters and mothers – she is an ideal, deserving subject and guardians appear from all directions; bystanders, authorities, and business owners (McNeeley and Overstreet, 2018). However, when she is culturally isolated – going about her routine activities in a neighbourhood where she is the visible minority – she is a flawed, undeserving, (un)victim (Long, 2021).…”

Section: Islamophobia Gender and Routine Victimisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expected but not accepted: Victimisation, gender, and Islamophobia in Australia

Iner

Mason

Asquith

2022

International Review of Victimology

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Muslim’s women’s visibility and perceived vulnerability make them primary targets of routine Islamophobia in public spaces. This article builds on existing research on intersectionality between Islamophobia, gender, and victimisation. It offers fresh data on Islamophobia against women by analysing complaints of interpersonal hostility ( N = 73) made to the Islamophobia Register Australia between 2016 and 2017. This quantitative analysis confirms that there is much consistency between Western nations in the nature of Islamophobia directed to women. At the same time, the article brings new perspectives to our understanding of Islamophobic hostility. Drawing on an in-depth analysis of eight case studies, the article illuminates the restrictive impact that routine Islamophobia has on Muslim women’s daily lives, generating a sense of responsibility for their own safety in the absence of bystander intervention. Yet, with comparatively high levels of social capital, participants in our study did not simply acquiesce to stereotypes that deny them the status of ‘ideal’ victim. Instead, they sought to reduce the destructive impact of victimisation through active attempts to raise public awareness and reassert agency. Our study shows that Muslim women’s responses to Islamophobia are not homogeneous. This variation originates in heterogeneity between Muslim women in Western countries.

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Lifestyle-Routine Activities, Neighborhood Context, and Ethnic Hate Crime Victimization

Cited by 13 publications

References 50 publications

Anti-Asian Xenophobia, Hate Crime Victimization, and Fear of Victimization During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Anti-Asian Xenophobia, Hate Crime Victimization, and Fear of Victimization During the COVID-19 Pandemic

“Message” crimes: Understanding the community impacts of bias crime.

Expected but not accepted: Victimisation, gender, and Islamophobia in Australia

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