Lifestyle is associated with thyroid function in subclinical hypothyroidism: a cross-sectional study

Wu, Kejun; Zhou, Yu; Ke, Sujie; Huang, Jinxiong; Gao, Xuelin; Li, Beibei; Lin, Xiaoying; Liu, Xiaohong; Liu, Xiaoying; Ma, Li; Wang, Linxi; Wu, Li; Wu, Lijuan; Xie, Chengwen; Xu, Jungu; Wang, Yanping; Liu, Libin

doi:10.1186/s12902-021-00772-z

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…These findings suggest that lifestyle factors such as dietary habits and PA levels might modify the thyroid function, even when circulating levels of TSH and THs are within the normal range, in euthyroid young adults. These results are in agreement with data of previous studies observing that lifestyle factors, such as sleep, smoking, diet, exercise and PA, were closely related to thyroid function in euthyroid subjects and with subclinical hypothyroidism [45,46].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Association between lifestyle factors and thyroid function in young euthyroid adults

Merchán-Ramírez¹,

Sánchez-Delgado²,

Jurado‐Fasoli³

et al. 2023

Food Science and Human Wellness

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The present work examines the associations of dietary habits, sedentarism, physical activity (PA) levels and sleep habits, with thyroid function in young euthyroid adults. Methods: A total of 105 young euthyroid adults participated in this cross-sectional study. Thyroid function was determined in fasting conditions (> 6 h). Dietary habits were measured by a food frequency questionnaire and three non-consecutive 24 h recalls, and different dietary intake and patterns were then estimated. The time spent in sedentary, PA levels and sleep habits were objectively measured using a wrist-worn accelerometer. Results: Energy and carbohydrate intake were positively associated with thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) (β = 0.222; R 2 = 0.102; P = 0.022 and β = 0.425; R 2 = 0.129; P = 0.007, respectively) whereas fat intake was negatively associated with TSH (β = −0.428; R 2 = 0.137; P = 0.004). Energy intake was also positively associated with free triiodothyronine (β = 0.277; R 2 = 0.137; P = 0.004). Further, adherence to the Mediterranean diet was negatively related to TSH and free thyroxine (FT4) (β = −0.221; R 2 = 0.113; P = 0.020 and β = −0.268; R 2 = 0.071; P = 0.007, respectively). Vigorous-intensity and overall PA were negatively associated with FT4 (β = −0.227; R 2 = 0.052; P = 0.022 and β = −0.204; R 2 = 0.042; P = 0.041, respectively). In contrast, no associations were found between sleep parameters and thyroid function. Conclusions: Lifestyle factors such as dietary intake and PA levels seems to be related to thyroid function in young euthyroid adults.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Association between lifestyle factors and thyroid function in young euthyroid adults

Merchán-Ramírez¹,

Sánchez-Delgado²,

Jurado‐Fasoli³

et al. 2023

Food Science and Human Wellness

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“…Although the mechanism of the association between hypothyroidism and cognitive dysfunction is not precise, it is still essential to focus on the prevention of hypothyroidism. Modifying iodine deficiency [64] or iodine excess [65], nutraceuticals such as omega-3 PUFA supplementation [66], and improving sleep quality [67] all have positive implications. Accurate assessment of whether hypothyroidism is associated with an increased risk of dementia or cognitive impairment is important for the accurate prevention and treatment of dementia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Hypothyroidism and the Risk of Cognitive Dysfunction: A Meta-Analysis

Wang

et al. 2022

JCM

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Objectives: The purpose of this meta-analysis was to assess whether there is an association between hypothyroidism and the risk of cognitive dysfunction. Methods: PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase were searched for relevant studies published from database inception to 4 May 2022, using medical subject headings (MeSHs) and keywords. Results: Eight studies involving 1,092,025 individuals were included, published between 2010 and 2021. The pooled analysis showed that there was no association between hypothyroidism and cognitive dysfunction (OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 0.84–1.51, p = 0.426), including both all-cause dementia (OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.76–1.43, p = 0.809) and cognitive impairment (OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 0.68–3.35, p = 0.318). Neither overt hypothyroidism (OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 0.70–2.02, p = 0.525) nor subclinical hypothyroidism (OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.73–1.48, p = 0.833) was associated with cognitive dysfunction. Neither prospective cohort (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 0.77–1.51, p = 0.673) nor cross-sectional studies (OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 0.63–2.42, p = 0.545) had any effect on the association. Interestingly, the risk of cognitive dysfunction was significantly increased in the group not adjusted for vascular comorbidity (OR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.07–2.01, p = 0.017), while it was reduced in the adjusted group (OR =0.82, 95% CI = 0.79–0.85, p < 0.001). Conclusions: This meta-analysis shows that hypothyroidism was associated with a reduced risk of cognitive dysfunction after adjustment for vascular-disease comorbidities. More prospective observational studies are needed in the future to investigate the relationship between hypothyroidism and cognitive dysfunction.

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“…Some studies prove it possible to lower TSH scores back to euthyroid status, while others simply reduce undesirable symptoms. There is a strong association between sleep, smoking, diet, and exercise when it comes to thyroid function [ 1 , 22 ]. Poor sleep quality was proven to carry an increased risk for SCH [ 21 ].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Poor sleep quality was proven to carry an increased risk for SCH [ 21 ]. Likewise, a diet too low or too high in iodine was found to increase one’s risk [ 22 - 24 ]. It is important to consider that the characteristic symptoms of hypothyroidism, such as fatigue, weight gain and depression, make it less likely that patients will engage in certain beneficial lifestyle habits such as regular exercise.…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison Between Levothyroxine and Lifestyle Intervention on Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Women: A Review

Matlock¹,

Vanhoof²,

Rangrej³

et al. 2023

Cureus

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Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) or “mild thyroid failure” is defined as elevated serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the presence of normal free thyroxine (T4). The incidence of SCH is estimated at 4.4-8.5% of the general population and occurs more frequently in women. Given that it falls below the diagnostic threshold, SCH is monitored rather than treated. Its management is a common topic of debate as SCH frequently progresses into overt hypothyroidism and is linked to long-term hyperlipidemia, endothelial dysfunction, cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and cerebrovascular disease. Premature hormone administration and lifestyle interventions have been explored as treatment options to mitigate the symptoms of SCH. Our review compares both modalities’ efficacy and potential for standardized clinical practice. A trial of levothyroxine demonstrated significant results in specific SCH demographics, such as patients who are pregnant or trying to conceive, those with goiter, those with thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibody status, those with steadily increasing TSH, children, and adolescents. All other SCH patients presenting with chronic symptoms may also be reasonably considered for a three- to six-month trial of treatment. Lifestyle modifications through improved sleep hygiene, a diet within the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for iodine and selenium, increased exercise, and smoking cessation also proved efficacious. Our findings indicate that a synergistic approach to treatment is most favorable. Lifestyle modifications neither show adverse effects nor contraindications and can be safely recommended alone or alongside levothyroxine for the treatment of SCH.

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Lifestyle is associated with thyroid function in subclinical hypothyroidism: a cross-sectional study

Cited by 15 publications

References 34 publications

Association between lifestyle factors and thyroid function in young euthyroid adults

Association between lifestyle factors and thyroid function in young euthyroid adults

Association of Hypothyroidism and the Risk of Cognitive Dysfunction: A Meta-Analysis

Comparison Between Levothyroxine and Lifestyle Intervention on Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Women: A Review

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