Life Stage Development of <I>Essigella californica</I> (Aphidoidea: Lachnidae: Cinarinae)

Larval instars of Appendiseta robiniae (Gillette, 1907) (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea: Drepanosiphidae)

“…Five instars were reported for Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (LINNAEUS, 1761), depending on the temperature (BALLOU et al 1986). However, there are species characterized by three instars, and these include Cinara cupressivora WATSON & VOETGLIN, 1999(KAIRO & MURPHY 1999, Cinara tujafilina (DEL GUERCIO, 1909) (DURAK & BOROWIAK-SOBKOWIAK 2007 and Essigella californica (ESSIG, 1909) (WHARTON et al 2004. The reduction of the first instar is related to the ability to draw sap from deep-lying phloem tissue in host plant twigs (KAIRO & MURPHY 1999).…”

“…According to this rule, insect growth is a constant function. Proportional growth of larval size was observed by WHARTON et al (2004) while studying the development of Essigella californica. The significant statistical differences related mainly to body length, tibia length and total antennal length.…”

“…III, Total Ant., R, between consecutive larval stages (the so-called interinstar ratio) was determined by Dyar's rule (DYAR 1980): this presupposes that insects grow after each moult and every larva is bigger by a constant factor. The ratio of insect size after moult to its size prior to moult is constant (DYAR 1890, WHARTON et al 2004.…”

Growth and nutrition of Pinus radiata in response to fertilizer applied after thinning and interaction with defoliation associated with Essigella californica

“…), more commonly known as the Monterey pine aphid, was first detected in Australia in P. radiata plantations near Canberra, with subsequent surveys showing it had spread throughout New South Wales and northern Victoria Kent and Carver, 2000;May and Carlyle, 2003;Wharton et al, 2004). By 2000 it had spread throughout all pine growing regions of Australia and New Zealand.…”