“…Subgroup analysis indicated that life skills education activities conducted around the world reflect the priorities and areas of concern of the respective countries. For example, the USA, Canada, UK, Germany and Greece have many well-planned, tailor-made life skills education programmes that aim to promote positive behaviours around smoking, alcohol, drug abuse, HIV, AIDS, contraception, perception about sexual activities and condom use through refusal skills, attitude change and personal goal setting (Botvin et al, 2001;Goudas, Dermitzaki, Leondari, & Danish, 2006;Goudas & Giannoudis, 2008;Holt, Tink, Mandigo, & Fox, 2008;Lillehoj et al, 2004;Menrath et al, 2012;O'Hearn & Gatz, 1999;Smith et al, 2004;Teyhan et al, 2016;Thompson, Auslander, & Alonzo, 2012;Tuttle et al, 2006;Vicary et al, 2004;Weichold & Blumenthal, 2016;Wenzel et al, 2009). These programs address cognitive, affective, and behavioral competencies to develop self-efficacy, for positive social and personal behavior.…”