Three book-length publications are arguably the foundational contributions to the study of physical disability representations in the aesthetic realm: Martin Norden's Cinema of Isolation: A History of Physical Disabilities in the Movies (1994), which traces the centrality of disabled characters in one hundred years of American film; David Mitchell and Sharon Snyder's innovative and foundational Narrative Prosthesis: Disability and the Dependencies of Discourse (2000), which privileges the nuances of literary disability representation; and Tobin Siebers's Disability Aesthetics (2010), which brought a similarly innovative thesis to bear on visual art forms, prioritizing painting and sculpture. Norden writes that "the history of physical disability images in the movies has mostly been a history of distortion in the name of maintaining an ableist society" (1994: 314). Mitchell and Snyder's book "argues that images of disabled people abound in history" (2000: 52) and that "once a reader begins to seek out representations of disability in our literatures, it is difficult to avoid their proliferation in texts with which one believed oneself to be utterly familiar" (2000: 52). Siebers's argument asserts that in painting and sculpture, the presence of disability is the element that has allowed "the beauty of an artwork to endure over time" (2010: 5). The representation of disability is, each text argues in its own way, thus central to the aesthetic histories of these directions in human cultural production. Often under-acknowledged as such in both literary and visual art, physical disability has long been clothed in the normative trappings of an able-bodied society and mobilized to suit a range of symbolic, metaphorical, and perhaps even purportedly transcendent artistic purposes. Preface xvii in their present form they have been greatly revised and elaborated.