Life-long physical activity and cancer risk among Finnish female teachers

Pukkala, Eero; Poskiparta, Marita; Apter, Dan; Vihko, V.

doi:10.1097/00008469-199309000-00002

Cited by 127 publications

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“…5,28 All previous cohort studies evaluating the effects of recreational physical activity on ovarian cancer risk were conducted in the USA, 6-9 one of them suggesting that physical activity increases ovarian cancer risk 6,7 and 2 suggesting no association. 8,9 The 2 cohort studies, which accessed occupational physical activity, suggested an increase in risk ovarian cancer among women with less physically demanding jobs, 10 or no evidence of association. 11 There are several possible explanations for the discrepancy between our results, indicating no association between physical activity and ovarian cancer risk, and the results from other cohort studies -in particularly, those with individually collected data, like ours, and reaching inconsistent results (i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prospective study of physical activity in different periods of life and the risk of ovarian cancer

Weiderpass

Margolis

Sandin

et al. 2006

Intl Journal of Cancer

115

144

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Only few studies have assessed the role of physical activity in the etiology of ovarian cancer, and the results have been inconclusive. We studied associations between physical activity and risk of ovarian cancer in 96,541 women aged 30-49 at enrollment in a prospective study in Norway and Sweden. Participants reported physical activity level at ages 14, 30 and at enrollment, and participation in competitive sports. Complete follow-up through 2001/ 2002 was achieved by linkage to national registries. The relation between physical activity and ovarian cancer incidence was assessed using multivariate Cox proportional hazard models. During an average 11.1 years of follow-up, there were 264 ovarian cancer cases (including 81 borderline tumors) diagnosed at a mean age of 49 years. Highly physically active women at cohort enrollment had a similar risk of ovarian cancer as women reporting no activity (multivariate relative risk RR 5 1.08, 95% CI 0.53-2.18). Physical activity at age 30 or at age 14 did not either afford any protection from ovarian cancer, nor did a consistently high level of activity from younger ages until enrollment. Results were similar for invasive and borderline tumors, and for different subgroups of women classified according to other known risk factors for ovarian cancer. In our study of primarily premenopausal women, physical activity at different ages did neither reduce nor increase risk of ovarian cancer. In the context of the inconsistent scientific literature, our findings probably reflect that physical activity is not causally related with ovarian cancer. ' 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: physical activity; ovarian cancer cohort study; epidemiology Ovarian cancer is a common neoplasm, ranking seventh for incidence and sixth for mortality in Western countries. 1 Because ovarian cancer is often diagnosed in late stages when cure is no longer possible, it is the leading cause of mortality among gynecological malignancies. 2 No screening method has yet been proven effective; therefore, identifying modifiable risk factors is one strategy to reduce morbidity from this high lethal malignancy.Ovarian cancer is at least partially a hormone-related disease, occurring less frequently in women with longer periods of anovulation due to increasing number of pregnancies or prolonged use of hormonal contraceptives. 3 Increasing circulating levels of estrogens in both pre-and postmenopausal women have been suggested to increase ovarian cancer risk, although the literature is sparse. Moderate levels of physical activity contribute to weight control, and appear to improve immune function. It also possibly decreases urinary estriol and progesterone levels, and increases catecholo-methyltransferase (COMT) activity, which is associated with estrogen metabolism. Vigorous physical activity in premenopausal women can lead to anovulation, luteal-phase insufficienty and amenorrhoea or irregular menstrual cycles, and lower endogenous estrogen levels, urinary LH levels, and impair immune function. 4,5 The hormonal and ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8,9 Two other cohort studies using occupation to classify physical activity found conflicting results: that sedentary jobs with low levels of energy expenditure were associated with increased risk 10 or was not associated with ovarian cancer. 11 As summarized in Table I, the results of case-control studies have been inconclusive as well.…”

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confidence: 99%

Prospective study of physical activity in different periods of life and the risk of ovarian cancer

Weiderpass

Margolis

Sandin

et al. 2006

Intl Journal of Cancer

115

144

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“…Reference lists cited in each of the selected papers were likewise examined. This additional search uncovered one ecological study [18], one cross-sectional study [19], three studies dealing only with occupational physical activity [5][6][7], and 13 reports of cohort or case-control studies analyzing LPA and lung cancer risk [4,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][20][21][22][23]. We excluded one case-control study because its relative risks were not adjusted for smoking [20], and three reports of cohort studies [21][22][23] because they preceded a more recent report [9].…”

Section: Identification Of Study Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leisure-time physical activity and lung cancer: a meta-analysis

Tardón

Lee

Delgado-Rodrı́guez

et al. 2005

Cancer Causes Control

157

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Objective-Several studies have evaluated the relationship between physical activity and lung cancer. To summarize and review these studies, we conducted a meta-analysis of all relevant reports published from 1966 through October 2003.Method-Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) from the original studies were pooled by the inverse of their variance, and all pooled estimates were accompanied by an assessment of heterogeneity across investigations. Test for linear trend across activity categories (low, moderate, high) were applied.Results-The combinedORs were 0.87 (95%confidence interval = 0.79-0.95) for moderate leisuretime physical activity (LPA) and 0.70 (0.62-0.79) for high activity (p trend = 0.00). This inverse association occurred for both sexes, although it was somewhat stronger for women. No evidence of publication bias was found. Several studies were able to adjust for smoking, but none adjusted for possible confounding from previous malignant respiratory disease. Our simulations suggest that this condition is unlikely to entirely explain the inverse association.Conclusion-The findings of this meta-analysis indicate that higher levels of LPAprotect against lung cancer. The inverse association is possible remains confounded by inadequately controlled smoking patterns. However on the whole, confounding seems an unlikely explanation for the findings of individual studies on non-smokers.

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“…Over 20 published cohort studies have investigated the association between physical activity and risk of breast cancer, the majority of which showed clear evidence of a lower risk for breast cancer in women who were classified at the highest levels of physical activity [7,9,10,12,13,16,18,20,21,[23][24][25][26][27]. The reduction in risk ranged from 10%-70% for the most active women and, on average, was 30%-40% lower for women who exercised for 3-4 hours per week at moderate to vigorous levels.…”

Section: Physical Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some studies found a lower risk with greater activity in adolescence, while in other studies, risk reduction was limited to adult activities. D'Avanzo et al found similar effects of occupational physical activity occurring at ages [15][16][17][18][19][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39], and 50-59 on risk of breast cancer, but found a stronger negative association between recreational exercise and risk at ages 30-39 and 50-59 than at ages 15-19 [35]. Levi et al found that greater occupational activity at any time between adolescence and the sixth decade of life was associated with a lower risk [36].…”

Section: Physical Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral Risk Factors in Breast Cancer: Can Risk Be Modified?

2003

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The International Agency for Research on Cancer estimates that 25% of breast cancer cases worldwide are due to overweight/obesity and a sedentary lifestyle. The preponderance of epidemiologic studies indicates that women who engage in 3-4 hours per week of moderate to vigorous levels of exercise have a 30%-40% lower risk for breast cancer than sedentary women. Women who are overweight or obese have a 50%-250% greater risk for postmenopausal breast cancer. Alcohol use, even at moderate levels (two drinks per day) increases risk for both premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer. Certain dietary patterns, such as high fat, low vegetables/fruits, low fiber, and high simple carbohydrates, may increase risk, but definitive data are lacking. These lifestyle factors are likely associated with breast cancer etiology through hormonal mechanisms. The worldwide trends of increasing overweight and obesity and decreasing physical activity may lead to an increasing incidence of breast cancer unless other means of risk reduction counteract these effects. Thus, adoption of lifestyle changes by individuals and populations may have a large impact on the future incidence of this disease. The

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Life-long physical activity and cancer risk among Finnish female teachers

Cited by 127 publications

References 0 publications

Prospective study of physical activity in different periods of life and the risk of ovarian cancer

Prospective study of physical activity in different periods of life and the risk of ovarian cancer

Leisure-time physical activity and lung cancer: a meta-analysis

Behavioral Risk Factors in Breast Cancer: Can Risk Be Modified?

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