“…The Ebro is the largest catchment in Spain, with a drainage area of 85 550 km 2 (Sabater, Muñoz, Feio, Romaní, & Graça, ). This catchment is especially interesting because it has high environmental heterogeneity (Bejarano, Marchamalo, de Jalón, & del Tánago, ; López‐Moreno et al, ), it harbours several water‐related social conflicts (Garrido, Martínez‐Santos, & Llamas, ; Milano et al, ; Tàbara & Ilhan, ), it is highly populated and intensively cultivated (Martín, Arias, & Corbí, ; Mondy, Muñoz, & Dolédec, ), and it has centralized and accessible data (Ebro Hydrographic Confederation, ). The main objectives of the study were: (i) to establish the conservation criteria that RPAs should meet through a public participation process involving policymakers, stakeholders, scientists, and the general public; (ii) to incorporate these conservation criteria into the design of RPAs following a systematic conservation approach; (iii) to obtain a network of RPAs fitting these criteria; (iv) to assess the performance of the proposed approach by comparing the conservation efficiency of the resulting network of RPAs and the present network of RPAs implemented by Spanish legislation; and (v) to validate the resulting network of RPAs through the public participation process.…”