Life history consequences of temperature transients inDrosophila melanogaster

Abstract

SUMMARY The physiological and life history consequences of chronic temperatures are well studied in ectotherms. However, little is known about the consequences of short-term exposure to unusually high or low temperatures, as would occur during a weather front. What are the immediate life-history effects of such thermal transients? Can ectotherms recover quickly or do they suffer carry-over effects that persist after weather returns to normal? We measured the impact of thermal transients on egg and progeny production of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen from Washington State. We reared flies at 25°C and then transferred 3- to 5-day old adults to one of three transient treatments (1 or 3 days at 18°C, 1 day at 29°C) before returning them to 25°C. We monitored daily egg production and egg-to-adult viability before (as a control), during, and after the transient as well as fecundity and viability of flies held at constant 18°, 25° and 29°C. This population appears particularly heat tolerant as neither constant nor transient exposure to 29°C (usually a stressful temperature for this species) affected female fecundity or the viability of her progeny. However, a 1- or 3-day exposure to 18°C reduced female fecundity by 75–90% relative to controls, and eggs laid during the 3-day exposure had greatly reduced viability. When returned to 25°C after transient exposure to 18°C, females immediately matched the fecundity and viability of females maintained constantly at 25°C. Therefore, these flies do not suffer negative carry-over effects from these moderate thermal transients. Surprisingly, fitness (intrinsic rate of population growth) was not depressed by transient temperature exposure. However, the severity and especially the timing of the transient will probably determine the likelihood of carry-over effects as well as its effect on fitness.

The Behavior-Physiology Nexus: Behavioral and Physiological Compensation Are Relied on to Different Extents between Seasons

“…In contrast to RMR and T pref responses, WLR responses appear less flexible in the short-term and across the full range of treatment conditions investigated here, irrespective of season. Therefore, these results highlight the importance of incorporating both behavioral and physiological plasticity into models that aim to predict the ability of ectotherms to tolerate climate variation or determine evolutionary fitness costs of weather transients (e.g., Dillon et al 2007). Most likely, the challenge will be to integrate the magnitude, direction, and fitness consequences of plastic responses of multiple traits that may underlie competing functions in order to predict the consequences of global environmental change.…”

Physiological responses to short-term thermal stress in mayfly (Neocloeon triangulifer) larvae in relation to upper thermal limits

“…1). Thus, there is no single thermal limit, as exposure durations are critical to consider when discussing thermal limits of taxa (Vasseur et al, 2014;Schulte et al, 2011;Dillon et al, 2007;Dillon and Frazier, 2013).…”

Organismal climatology: analyzing environmental variability at scales relevant to physiological stress

“…For example, an increase or decrease in body temperature affects patterns of gene expression (Gracey et al, 2008;Hofmann et al, 2005;Place et al, 2008), which in turn can lead to the activation of a heat shock response (Tomanek, 2008) or can affect processes related to growth (Beukema et al, 2009;Schneider, 2008), metabolism (Dahlhoff, 2004;Vernberg, 1962), fecundity (Dillon et al, 2007;Petes et al, 2008) and survival (Chan et al, 2007;Harley, 2008;Jost and Helmuth, 2007). Changes in body temperature can also have significant effects on movement (Fangue et al, 2008) and foraging behavior (Pincebourde et al, 2008;Sanford, 2002;Yamane and Gilman, 2009).…”