“…The time burdens of caregiving increase poverty among poor caregivers (Hansen et al, 1998; Lindsey et al, 2003) and the financial burdens may cause caregivers stress (Akintola, 2004; Nnko et al, 2000; Orner, 2006). While most older East and Southern African women are not working in the formal economy, carework still has opportunity costs in the form of foregone subsistence agriculture, informal income-generating activities and self-care (Yajima, van Huis, & Jiggins, 2010). In households already struggling financially, the costs of caregiving can create further financial hardship and social disruption (Seeley, 2008; Seeley, Wolff, et al, 2009; Ssengonzi, 2009).…”