Life Expectancy for White, Black, and Hispanic Race/Ethnicity in U.S. States: Trends and Disparities, 1990 to 2019

Johnson, Catherine O.; Boon-Dooley, Alexandra S; DeCleene, Nicole K; Henny, Kiana F; Blacker, Brigette F.; Anderson, Jason A; Afshin, Ashkan; Aravkin, Aleksandr Y.; Cunningham, Matthew; Dieleman, Joseph L; Feldman, Rachel; Gakidou, Emmanuela; Mokdad, Ali H.; Naghavi, Mohsen; Spencer, Cory N; Whisnant, Joanna L; York, Hunter; Zende, Rahul R; Zheng, Peng; Murray, Chris; Roth, Gregory A.

doi:10.7326/m21-3956

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Among those older than 65 years, these disparity metrics declined, as would be expected because of the persistently lower average lifespan among the Black population. 40,41 The implications of these findings are important. The Black population in the US, regardless of cause or the burden of risk factors, continue to die at much greater rates than the White population, with dramatic long-run consequences when accounting for the effect of premature mortality.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These alarming excess deaths in working-aged groups may be the most socially disruptive given the destabilizing effect on productivity and economic gains for Black families, potentially contributing to the perpetuation of generational racial disparities. Among those older than 65 years, these disparity metrics declined, as would be expected because of the persistently lower average lifespan among the Black population …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Excess Mortality and Years of Potential Life Lost Among the Black Population in the US, 1999-2020

Caraballo

Massey

Ndumele

et al. 2023

JAMA

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ImportanceAmid efforts in the US to promote health equity, there is a need to assess recent progress in reducing excess deaths and years of potential life lost among the Black population compared with the White population.ObjectiveTo evaluate trends in excess mortality and years of potential life lost among the Black population compared with the White population.Design, setting, and participantsSerial cross-sectional study using US national data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from 1999 through 2020. We included data from non-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic Black populations across all age groups.ExposuresRace as documented in the death certificates.Main outcomes and measuresExcess age-adjusted all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, age-specific mortality, and years of potential life lost rates (per 100 000 individuals) among the Black population compared with the White population.ResultsFrom 1999 to 2011, the age-adjusted excess mortality rate declined from 404 to 211 excess deaths per 100 000 individuals among Black males (P for trend &lt;.001). However, the rate plateaued from 2011 through 2019 (P for trend = .98) and increased in 2020 to 395—rates not seen since 2000. Among Black females, the rate declined from 224 excess deaths per 100 000 individuals in 1999 to 87 in 2015 (P for trend &lt;.001). There was no significant change between 2016 and 2019 (P for trend = .71) and in 2020 rates increased to 192—levels not seen since 2005. The trends in rates of excess years of potential life lost followed a similar pattern. From 1999 to 2020, the disproportionately higher mortality rates in Black males and females resulted in 997 623 and 628 464 excess deaths, respectively, representing a loss of more than 80 million years of life. Heart disease had the highest excess mortality rates, and the excess years of potential life lost rates were largest among infants and middle-aged adults.Conclusions and relevanceOver a recent 22-year period, the Black population in the US experienced more than 1.63 million excess deaths and more than 80 million excess years of life lost when compared with the White population. After a period of progress in reducing disparities, improvements stalled, and differences between the Black population and the White population worsened in 2020.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excess Mortality and Years of Potential Life Lost Among the Black Population in the US, 1999-2020

Caraballo

Massey

Ndumele

et al. 2023

JAMA

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“…Among those older than age 65 years these disparity metrics declined, as would be expected because of the persistently lower average lifespan among Black people. 30,35…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excess Mortality and Years of Potential Life Lost Among Black People in the US from 1999 to 2020

Caraballo

Massey

Ndumele

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: There is scarce information on recent trends in excess deaths and years of potential life lost among Black populations compared with White populations in the United States. Methods: We used death certificates data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention WONDER from 1999-2020 and evaluated trends in excess age-adjusted mortality rate (deaths per 100,000 individuals) and years of potential life lost (YPLL) among Black people compared with White people. We also evaluated these metrics by cause of death and age. Results: From 1999 to 2020, the total number of excess deaths was 658,356 and 1,154,108 among Black females and males, representing 34,938,070 and 47,005,048 excess YPLL among Black females among males, respectively. The excess deaths and YPLL were the greatest in deaths due to heart disease and among infants and non-elderly adults. From 1999, the age-adjusted excess mortality rate among Black people declined at an annual average of -9.0 (95% CI: -10.0, -8.0; P<0.001) among females and -16.3 (95% CI: -20.9, -11.6; P<0.001) among males. It plateaued between 2015-2019 among females and 2012-2019 among males. In 2020, rates increased to 395 and 192 excess deaths per 100,000 males and females, respectively, reaching rates close to those of 1999. The trends in rates of excess YPLL followed a similar pattern. Conclusions: Over a recent 22-year period, Black people in the US lost more than 80 million years of life when compared with White people. After a period of some progress, improvements stalled, and most gains were eliminated in 2020.

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“…Because of these experiences, this population faces more serious age-related vulnerabilities than their White counterparts, including economic insecurity, social isolation, physical and cognitive decline, malnutrition, and chronic health conditions.” In the United States, in 2019, 24% of the population 65 years and older were racial and ethnic minorities, and these populations are expected to increase to 34% by 2040 2 . African Americans/Blacks, in particular, have the lowest life expectancy of all race/ethnicities and the greatest health inequity 3 . In 2021, life expectancy for non-Hispanic Blacks was 70.8 years compared with 76.4 years for non-Hispanic Whites and 77.7 years for Hispanic populations.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 African Americans/Blacks, in particular, have the lowest life expectancy of all race/ethnicities and the greatest health inequity. 3 In 2021, life expectancy for non-Hispanic Blacks was 70.8 years compared with 76.4 years for non-Hispanic Whites and 77.7 years for Hispanic populations.…”

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confidence: 99%

Increasing Equity and Inclusion in Nutrition Services for Older Adults

Sahyoun

2023

Nutr Today

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The latest version of the Older Americans Act Nutrition Program (OAANP) enacted in 2020 targets those most at risk of nutritional deficiencies, social isolation, and institutionalization. Racial, ethnic, cultural, and sexual minority populations are at high risk for all 3, and yet, these populations are underrepresented in the OAANP. To reach people at risk in neighborhoods with high racial and ethnic diversity, outreach, targeting, and retention are essential. This article synthesizes information obtained through peer-reviewed and gray literature, telephone interviews of nutrition leads/directors of 9 state units on aging, and online review of state plans to present approaches and best practices in increasing equity and inclusion in the OAANP and in other similar programs.

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Life Expectancy for White, Black, and Hispanic Race/Ethnicity in U.S. States: Trends and Disparities, 1990 to 2019

Cited by 12 publications

References 14 publications

Excess Mortality and Years of Potential Life Lost Among the Black Population in the US, 1999-2020

Excess Mortality and Years of Potential Life Lost Among the Black Population in the US, 1999-2020

Excess Mortality and Years of Potential Life Lost Among Black People in the US from 1999 to 2020

Increasing Equity and Inclusion in Nutrition Services for Older Adults

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