“…erefore, there is no consensus on the magnitude of the effect of trade openness on life expectancy. Some of these studies were carried out for more than one country (Byaro et al, 2021, Owen and Wu, 2007, Akyuz et al, 2020, Farooq et al, 2019, Gövdeli, 2019, Jawadi et al, 2018, and Novignon and Atakorah, 2018, while others were country speci c (Tahir, 2020, Qadir and Majeed, 2018, Alam et al, 2016, Timothy, 2018, Herzer, 2015, Shah et al, 2021, Palamuleni, 2017, Aigheyisi and Oligbi, 2019, Edeme et al, 2017and Stevens et al, 2013. However, (Palamuleni, 2017) observed an interesting bidirectional relationship between trade openness and health outcome, stating that improved health outcome increases in trade.…”