Life expectancy and reproduction

Roitberg, Bernard D.; Sircom, Julie; Roitberg, Carol A.; Alphen, Jacques J. M. van; Mangel, Marc

doi:10.1038/364108a0

Cited by 175 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Older females are expected to be less choosy than younger counterparts (Roitberg et al, 1993). Contrary to this prediction, 7-day-old, as opposed to 2-day-old, females attacked fewer aphids per unit of time and parasi tized proportionally more L1 than L3 instars (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Old, as opposed to young, females can maximize their life time reproductive success by searching host patches more thor oughly and accepting a broader range of host types (Roitberg et al, 1993;Weisser & Houston, 1993;Weisser, 1994;Michaud & Mackauer, 1995). We tested the hypothesis that host choice in M. paulensis varies with female age, predicting that older females lacking reproductive success and approaching death would be less selective than younger females.…”

Section: Influence Of Female Size and Agementioning

confidence: 99%

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Host-instar selection in the aphid parasitoid Monoctonus paulensis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae): a preference for small pea aphids

Chau¹,

Mackauer²

2000

Eur. J. Entomol.

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Abstract. Monoctonus paulensis is a solitary parasitoid of several species of aphids, including the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. We evaluated host-instar selection by comparing the parasitoid's preference for the four nymphal instars of the pea aphid, presented two at a time in dichotomous choice tests. Females parasitized more, and laid more eggs in, the relatively smaller aphids among those available. This preference was independent of aphid instar: L1 > L2 > L3 > L4. Preference was not influenced by female size or age. Normal and anaesthetized aphids were accepted equally. The total time needed by a female to capture, position, and parasi tize an aphid varied among host instars, with fourth instars requiring nearly twice as much time as first, second, and third instars. The probability of an attacked aphid escaping or avoiding parasitism increased with aphid instar, from ~10% in first and second instars to ~50% in fourth instars. Although fourth-instar pea aphids contain more resources for offspring development than smaller counter parts, it may not be profitable for a female to invest opportunity time in attacks on large aphids.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Influence Of Female Size and Agementioning

confidence: 99%

Host-instar selection in the aphid parasitoid Monoctonus paulensis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae): a preference for small pea aphids

Chau¹,

Mackauer²

2000

Eur. J. Entomol.

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“…The wasps lay more eggs on low-quality patches in a chamber mimicking the conditions of an incoming thunderstorm (rapidly dropping barometric pressure) than on a fair summer day (steady barometric pressure). Rather than delaying to search for a better option, wasps deposit their eggs immediately in a poor patch in order to avoid reproductive failure (Roitberg, Sircom, Roitberg, van Alphen, & Mangel, 1993). These results square with theorizing by some economists that future discounting is steep because there is uncertainty about the future (e.g., the individual might die before collecting the later reward), but these ideas have often lacked explicit considerations of the evolved mechanisms giving rise to steep discount rates.…”

Section: Questioning Normative Standards As Good Models Of the Evolvementioning

confidence: 96%

Adaptive Rationality: An Evolutionary Perspective on Cognitive Bias

et al. 2009

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A casual look at the literature in social cognition reveals a vast collection of biases, errors, violations of rational choice, and failures to maximize utility. One is tempted to draw the conclusion that the human mind is woefully muddled. We present a three-category evolutionary taxonomy of evidence of biases: biases are (a) heuristics, (b) error management effects, or (c) experimental artifacts. We conclude that much of the research on cognitive biases can be profitably reframed and understood in evolutionary terms. An adaptationist perspective suggests that the mind is remarkably well designed for important problems of survival and reproduction, and not fundamentally irrational. Our analysis is not an apologia intended to place the rational mind on a pedestal for admiration. rather, it promises practical outcomes including a clearer view of the architecture of systems for judgment and decision making, and exposure of clashes between adaptations designed for the ancestral past and the demands of the present.

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“…Blood feeding by mosquitoes represents a phenotypic expression of reproductive investment. It is the acquisition of resources specifically for reproduction and can increase the risk of death for the female mosquito (Roitberg et al 1993) and diverts time and energy from maintenance. Reproductive output represents the energy allocated to egg production and oviposition that could otherwise be allocated to maintenance of somatic function, and a risk to survival during the act of oviposition.…”

Section: Life History Predictions For Ae Albopictusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographic Variation in Adult Survival and Reproductive Tactics of the Mosquito Aedes albopictus

Leisnham¹,

Sala²,

Juliano

2008

Journal of Medical Entomology

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Climate differences across latitude can result in seasonal constraints and selection on life history characters. Since Aedes albopictus (Skuse) invaded North America in the mid-1980s, it has spread across a range of ≈14° latitude and populations in the north experience complete adult mortality due to cold winter temperatures that are absent in the south. Life table experiments were conducted to test for differences in the adult survival and reproductive schedules of Ae. albopictus females from two populations from the northern (Bloomington, IN [BL] and Manassas, VA [VA]; ≈39° N) and southern (Tampa, FL and Fort Myers, FL;(27)(28) extremes of the species distribution in North America. Regardless of population origin, age-specific hazard rate increased with reproductive output and decreased with number of bloodmeals. Larger females took fewer bloodmeals, and they had greater hazard rates than did smaller females. There were no consistent differences between northern versus southern populations in resource allocation between reproduction and maintenance, reproduction over time, and reproductive investment among offspring, suggesting that latitudinal variation in climate is probably not a main selective factor impinging on adult mortality and reproductive schedules. One possible effect of climate on geographic differences in life history was detected. BL had lower survivorship, lower lifetime reproductive output, and lower adult reproductive rate than did all other populations. This result may be an indirect result of lower egg survivorship due to the severity of winter in BL compared with other populations, including VA at approximately the same latitude. Such a scenario may make the BL population more prone to extinction, irregularly recolonized from more favorable sites, and thus more susceptible to founder effects, genetic drift, and inbreeding, resulting in lower mean values of fitness-related traits. Keywordslife history evolution; survival; fecundity; reproductive investmentThe Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse), is considered medically important because it is a vector of arboviruses, including dengue, La Crosse encephalitis, and West Nile virus (Ibañez-Berñal et al. 1997, Gerhardt et al. 2001, Turell et al. 2005. Although its native range is centered on the Oriental region and India, Ae. albopictus has invaded North and South America, Europe, and Africa in the past two decades (see Juliano and Lounibos 2005, and references therein) to represent a "third wave" of worldwide spread of human disease-vector mosquitoes, after two prior waves by Aedes aegypti (L.) in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and Culex quinquefasciatus Say in the nineteenth century (Lounibos 2002 Of fundamental importance to the invasion and spread of an organism are the temporal patterns of reproduction and survival that make up its life history (Juliano and Lounibos 2005). In many instances, energy available to organisms is limiting; thus, trade-offs occur among traits when energy is partitioned among growth, ma...

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Life expectancy and reproduction

Cited by 175 publications

References 4 publications

Host-instar selection in the aphid parasitoid Monoctonus paulensis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae): a preference for small pea aphids

Host-instar selection in the aphid parasitoid Monoctonus paulensis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae): a preference for small pea aphids

Adaptive Rationality: An Evolutionary Perspective on Cognitive Bias

Geographic Variation in Adult Survival and Reproductive Tactics of the Mosquito Aedes albopictus

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