Life expectancies in the United Kingdom and Japan

Nakaji, Shigeyuki; MacAuley, Domhnall; O’Neill, Siobhan; McNally, Oonagh; Baxter, David; Sugawara, Kazuo

doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdg026

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…While it has been shown that the mortality from malignant neoplasms is higher in Japanese males than in western males [29] , such a difference may have been a consequence of habitual smoking. In contrast, the RR for CVD or respiratory illness were not different between our current smokers and non-smokers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Impact of Smoking on Mortality in 80-Year-Old Japanese from the General Population

et al. 2008

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Background: It is well known that cigarette smoking is the main health hazard in middle-aged people.However, data regarding smoking and health in old-aged people are limited, especially in the Japanese population. Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the influence of smoking on mortality in the elderly Japanese population. Methods: A cohort of 690 individuals of 80 years of age were categorized into 3 groups: non-smokers, ex-smokers and current smokers. The adjusted mortality after 4 years was compared among the 3 groups. The possible influence of smoking status on the cause of death was also investigated. Results: The overall mortality was significantly higher in males [relative risk (RR): 2.3, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0–5.2] and females (RR: 4.2, 95% CI: 1.9–9.5) in the current-smoker group than in the non-smoker group. The risk of any-cause mortality in the ex-smoker group was not statistically different from that in the non-smoker group. In males, current smokers died of cancer more frequently than non-smokers (RR: 10.7, 95% CI: 1.3–90.8). Cardiovascular disease was a significant cause of death in female current smokers (RR: 5.2, 95% CI: 1.6–16.9). This difference in mortality was not observed between groups of non-smokers and ex-smokers of both genders. In male smokers, there was a positive relationship between the daily amount of consumed cigarettes and overall mortality. Conclusion: Smokers should be encouraged to stop smoking, since habitual smoking increases the risk of mortality even in old age.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Impact of Smoking on Mortality in 80-Year-Old Japanese from the General Population

et al. 2008

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“…Traditional dietary cultures and patterns of the Japanese have long been of interest worldwide because of, for example, the low prevalence of CHD and the long life expectancy in Japan ( 3 – 5 ) . The Japanese dietary pattern has several characteristics seldom observed in those of Western populations, including high intakes of rice, soyabean products, fish, seaweeds and green tea and low intakes of animal fat and soft drinks ( 6 ) .…”

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confidence: 99%

Development of a food-based diet quality score for Japanese: associations of the score with nutrient intakes in young, middle-aged and older Japanese women

et al. 2016

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Several previous studies have shown that a diet score based on the Japanese food guide Spinning Top (the original score) is associated with both favourable and unfavourable dietary intake patterns. We developed a food-based diet quality score (the modified score) and examined associations with nutrient intakes. Subjects were 3963 young (all aged 18 years), 3800 middle-aged (mean age 47·7 (sd 3·9) years) and 2211 older (mean age 74·4 (sd 5·2) years) Japanese women. Dietary intakes were assessed using comprehensive (for the young and middle-aged) and brief-type (for the older) diet history questionnaires. The original score was calculated based on intakes of grains, vegetables, fish/meat, milk, fruits, and snacks/alcoholic beverages. The modified score was similarly calculated, but included Na from seasonings and without applying the upper cut-off values for dietary components where increased consumption is advocated for Japanese women (grains, vegetables, fish/meat, milk, and fruits). The original score was positively associated with intakes of carbohydrate, dietary fibre, and all the vitamins and minerals examined including Na and inversely with intakes of fats and alcohol in young and middle-aged women. In older women, the original score was inversely associated with intakes of all nutrients except for carbohydrate and vitamin C. However, the modified score was associated positively with intakes of protein, carbohydrate, dietary fibre, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, vitamins A, C and E, and folate and inversely with intakes of fats, alcohol and Na in all generations. In conclusion, the modified diet score was positively associated with favourable nutrient intake patterns in Japanese women.

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“…Conclusions-The mechanism for the increase in TRL and LDL apoB-100 PS observed in the postmenopausal women was determined predominantly by decreased TRL and LDL catabolism rather than increased production. [3][4][5] Based on data from the Framingham Heart Study, annual rates of first CVD event rise from 7 per 1000 in men 35 to 44 years of age to 68 per 1000 in men 85 to 94 years of age. 6 In women, rates are comparable, but events occur 10 years later.…”

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confidence: 99%

TRL, IDL, and LDL Apolipoprotein B-100 and HDL Apolipoprotein A-I Kinetics as a Function of Age and Menopausal Status

Matthan

Jalbert

Lamon‐Fava

et al. 2005

ATVB

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Objective-To determine mechanisms contributing to the altered lipoprotein profile associated with aging and menopause, apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100) and apoA-I kinetic behavior was assessed. Methods and Results-Eight premenopausal (25Ϯ3 years) and 16 postmenopausal (65Ϯ6 years) women consumed for 6 weeks a standardized Western diet, at the end of which a primed-constant infusion of deuterated leucine was administered in the fed state to determine the kinetic behavior of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL), intermediatedensity lipoprotein (IDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) apoB-100, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) apoA-I. Data were fit to a multicompartmental model using SAAM II to calculate fractional catabolic rate (FCR) and production rate (PR). Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), TRL-C, and triglyceride levels were higher (50%, 55%, 130%, and 232%, respectively) in the postmenopausal compared with the premenopausal women, whereas HDL-C levels were similar. Plasma TRL, IDL, and LDL-apoB-100 levels and pool sizes (PS) were significantly higher in the postmenopausal than premenopausal women. These differences were accounted for by lower TRL, IDL, and LDL apoB-100 FCR (PϽ0.05), with no difference in PR. There was no significant difference between groups in HDL-C levels or apoA-I kinetic parameters. Plasma TRL-C concentrations were negatively correlated with TRL apoB-100 FCR (rϭϪ0.46; PϽ0.05) and positively correlated with PR (rϭ0.62; PϽ0.01). Plasma LDL-C concentrations were negatively correlated with LDL apoB-100 FCR (rϭϪ0.70; PϽ0.001) but not PR. Conclusions-The mechanism for the increase in TRL and LDL apoB-100 PS observed in the postmenopausal women was determined predominantly by decreased TRL and LDL catabolism rather than increased production. [3][4][5] Based on data from the Framingham Heart Study, annual rates of first CVD event rise from 7 per 1000 in men 35 to 44 years of age to 68 per 1000 in men 85 to 94 years of age. 6 In women, rates are comparable, but events occur 10 years later. 6 This gender difference in risk has been attributed to a possible protective effect of endogenous female sex hormones. 7 Among women, CVD death rates after menopause are 2 to 3ϫ higher than women the same age before menopause. 6,8 Several studies have also provided compelling evidence that CVD increases after oophorectomy and in women with premature menopause. 9 -11 In the Nurses' Health Study, women who had undergone a bilateral oophorectomy had up to an 8-fold increase in CHD risk. 10 Similarly, in the Women's Health Initiative study, hysterectomized women, with or without ovarian preservation, had a significantly higher 10-year risk of myocardial infarction or coronary death, estimated using the Framingham algorithm compared with nonhysterectomized women. 9 Data from cross-sectional 12-25 and longitudinal studies 12,18,21,26 -29 have shown that menopause alters CVD risk factors. Postmenopausal compared with premenopausal women have higher plasma total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein ch...

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Life expectancies in the United Kingdom and Japan

Cited by 13 publications

References 16 publications

Impact of Smoking on Mortality in 80-Year-Old Japanese from the General Population

Impact of Smoking on Mortality in 80-Year-Old Japanese from the General Population

Development of a food-based diet quality score for Japanese: associations of the score with nutrient intakes in young, middle-aged and older Japanese women

TRL, IDL, and LDL Apolipoprotein B-100 and HDL Apolipoprotein A-I Kinetics as a Function of Age and Menopausal Status

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