Paved road density (km per 100 km 2 of land area) 2 25 3 122 Railway line (km) 46 380 197 610 89 002 85 986 Power Electricity production (per capita kWh) 572 1 930 2 116 3 355 Electricity access (percent of total population) 46 88 97 100 Water and sanitation Improved water (percent of total population) 69 90 94 99 Improved sanitation (percent of total population) 39 61 82 93 ICT Fixed broadband (subscriptions per 100 population) 1 6 9 15 Mobile cellular (subscriptions per 100 population) 73 85 115 119 Africa has 15 percent of the world's population but only 3.2 percent of world electricity-generating capacity. More than half of the world's population without electricity are Africans. According to research from the World Bank Group, 48 countries of sub-Saharan Africa (with a combined population of 800 million) generate roughly the same amount of power as Spain (with a population of 45 million). Per capita, yearly consumption of energy in sub-Saharan Africa (excluding South Africa) is 180 kWh, against 13 000 kWh in the United States and 6 500 kWh in Europe (Dethier, 2015). Energy intensity and CO 2 intensity in the continent are also very high, thus giving evidence of unclean and inefficient energy supply chain (Saghir, 2017). It is estimated that only one-third of Africans living in rural areas are within two kilometres of an all-season road, compared with twothirds of the population in other developing regions. The African Development Bank, based on a set of targets for 2025, estimated Africa's needs of the total investment for infrastructure at $130 billion to $170 billion per year between 2018 and 2025 (Af DB, 2018) with a financing gap of $68 billion to $108 billion. Around two-fifths of the investment need is for water and sanitation that faces an ambitious target of 100 percent access in both urban and rural Africa.