Life-cycle energy use in office buildings

Cole, Raymond J.; Kernan, Paul Christopher

doi:10.1016/0360-1323(96)00017-0

Cited by 408 publications

(245 citation statements)

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“…Total initial embodied energy = 4.86 GJ/m 2 32 office buildings (wood, steel, and concrete structure) as determined by Cole and Kernan (1996). It can be seen that there is a slight variation in the initial embodied energy of the structural systems, but that very little variation exists across the three different buildings for the site work, construction, finishes, envelope, and services (HVAC, conveyance, etc.).…”

Section: Services 23%mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The initial embodied energy of a building refers to "the energy used to acquire raw materials and manufacture, transport and install building products in the initial construction of a building" (Cole & Kernan, 1996). On the other hand, recurring embodied energy is "the energy associated with maintaining, repairing and replacing materials and components over the lifetime of the building" (Cole & Kernan, 1996).…”

Section: Background On Embodied Energy In Buildingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 2-14 illustrates the breakdown of the initial embodied energy for the steel structure office building located in Toronto as determined by Cole and Kernan (1996). They found that the structure, envelope, and services accounted for 25%, 27%, and 23% of the initial embodied energy of the threestorey office building respectfully.…”

Section: Cole and Kernan's Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The life-cycle assessment of a single-storey retail building in Canada

Ooteghem¹,

Lei²

2012

Building and Environment

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In North America, the operation of buildings accounts for approximately one third of the total energy use and greenhouse gas emissions annually. Office buildings are responsible for roughly 35% of the total commercial/institutional secondary energy use in Canada, followed by retail buildings at 17% (NRCan, OEE, 2010).In recent years, a number of researchers from around the world have conducted life-cycle assessment (LCA) studies to investigate the impacts of buildings on the environment. Most studies have focused on three types of buildings: office buildings, single residential dwellings, and multi-unit residential apartments. There have been almost no comprehensive LCA studies of retail buildings, specifically single-storey retail buildings. This is a problem, since compared to office buildings, single residential dwellings, and multi-unit residential apartments, retail buildings consume approximately 1.2, 2.0, and 2.3 times more energy per floor area respectively (NRCan, OEE, 2010). In addition, retail buildings usually undergo major resource intensive renovations far sooner than other building types. Therefore, the primary goal of this study was to conduct a comprehensive LCA for the components of a singlestorey retail building located in Toronto, Canada, to determine which building components contribute the most towards the total life-cycle energy use and global warming potential (GWP) after 50 years.Using the latest LCA techniques, the total life-cycle energy use and GWP was calculated for 220 different building components including: exterior infill walls, roofs, structural systems, floors, windows, doors, foundations, and interior partition walls. Also, a comprehensive LCA study was conducted for five single-storey retail buildings (including a pre-engineered steel building system which is lacking in the literature), in order to determine which components of a single-storey retail building are responsible for the most environmental damage.For a typical single-storey retail building located in Toronto, Canada, the operating energy (and GWP) accounts for about 91% (88%) and the total embodied energy (and GWP) accounts for about 9% (12%) of the total energy (and GWP) after 50 years. The roof alone is responsible for nearly half of the total embodied energy and GWP of the entire building. The LCA study also found that after 50 years, the total energy (and GWP) of the five case study buildings only differed at most by 6% (7%), regardless of the choice of structural system, or whether the building was made predominately of steel or wood building components. This thesis concludes with a prioritized list of recommendations for reducing the total life-cycle energy use and GWP of a single-storey retail building in Canada.iv

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Section: Services 23%mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Background On Embodied Energy In Buildingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cole and Kernan's Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The life-cycle assessment of a single-storey retail building in Canada

Ooteghem¹,

Lei²

2012

Building and Environment

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“…The life-span energy consumed by an appliance from its establishment to its death has been studied extensively using the so-called life cycle assessment (LCA) approach [20,21]. However, few studies have focused on the life cycle of the use of energy sources by households from its introduction to its abandonment.…”

Section: Life Cycle Curve Of Energy Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Wave transition in household energy use

Zhang

Wei

Sun

et al. 2016

Technological Forecasting and Social Change

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“…In reality, different buildings' annual energy consumptions vary considerably due to temporal and spatial variability of buildings and due to the differences in residential envelope thermal property, orientation, climate condition, occupants' behaviour and others Guerra-Santin, Itard 2010;Tsikaloudaki et al 2012;Wang et al 2011a;Cole, Kernan 1996;Kaynakli 2011;Biekša et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lifecycle Energy Consumption Prediction of Residential Buildings by Incorporating Longitudinal Uncertainties

Wang

Shen

2014

Journal of Civil Engineering and Management

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Abstract. Accurate prediction of buildings' lifecycle energy consumption is a critical part in lifecycle assessment of residential buildings. Longitudinal variations in building conditions, weather conditions and building's service life can cause significant deviation of the prediction from the real lifecycle energy consumption. The objective is to improve the accuracy of lifecycle energy consumption prediction by properly modelling the longitudinal variations in residential energy consumption model using Markov chain based stochastic approach. A stochastic Markov model considering longitudinal uncertainties in building condition, degree days, and service life is developed: 1) Building's service life is estimated through Markov deterioration curve derived from actual building condition data; 2) Neural Network is used to project periodic energy consumption distribution for each joint energy state of building condition and temperature state; 3) Lifecycle energy consumption is aggregated based on Markov process and the state probability. A case study on predicting lifecycle energy consumption of a residential building is presented using the proposed model and the result is compared to that of a traditional deterministic model and three years' measured annual energy consumptions. It shows that the former model generates much narrower distribution than the latter model when compared to the measured data, which indicates improved result.

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Life-cycle energy use in office buildings

Cited by 408 publications

References 2 publications

The life-cycle assessment of a single-storey retail building in Canada

The life-cycle assessment of a single-storey retail building in Canada

Wave transition in household energy use

Lifecycle Energy Consumption Prediction of Residential Buildings by Incorporating Longitudinal Uncertainties

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