Life cycle energy requirements and greenhouse gas emissions from large scale energy storage systems

Life Cycle Analysis of the Embodied Carbon Emissions from 14 Wind Turbines with Rated Powers between 50 Kw and 3.4 Mw

“…This deviates substantially from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Renewable Energy Sources evaluation that says emissions from turbines are 8 to 20 g CO 2 /kWh [16]. Less than half of the turbines Lenzen and Munksgaard [26] analysed fell within the IPCC's range. Kabir et al [21] compared the carbon intensity of three 100 kW capacity wind farms, each with different turbine configurations.…”

“…For wind turbine LCAs, the functional unit is often defined as the carbon emissions produced per kWh, which can then be used in calculations to compare the carbon emissions from different turbines [25]. Process chain analyses are based on detailed records of materials and processes for each step of the lifecycle [26]. It can be quite difficult to acquire necessary specific information for each step of the lifecycle for either process.…”

A thermal energy storage process for large scale electric applications

“…However, as far as we know, thermal energy storage has not been developed for electric storage yet, and this paper presents a new thermal energy storage process for large scale electric applications, that does not suffer from geographical constrains such as the need for a large altitude difference between two large water reservoirs for Pumped Hydroelectric Storage, or large cavern for Compressed Air Energy Storage [9,10].…”

Optimal operation strategies of compressed air energy storage (CAES) on electricity spot markets with fluctuating prices

“…How to design and use CAES for load levelling in the electricity supply has been analysed and discussed for several decades in academic literature [1][2][3][4]. In recent years, CAES has primarily been seen as a means of improving the integration of fluctuating wind power into the electricity supply [5][6][7][8][9] or it has been compared to other electricity storage options [10,11]. However, so far the optimisation of CAES operation on electricity spot markets has not been dealt with.…”