“…LCC has a long tradition as a discounted cash flow analysis that supports the procurement process of durable goods, and focuses especially on the post‐purchase costs the owner is expected to incur due to this perspective investment (Westkämper and Osten‐Sacken, 1998; Woodward, 1997; Fabrycky and Blanchard, 1991; Dhillon, 1989). Even the environmental meaning of LCC often implies that an ad hoc discounted cash flow analysis must be combined with environmental considerations (Utne, 2009; Lim et al , 2008; Schmidt and Butt, 2006; Reich, 2005; Sampattagul et al , 2004; Norris, 2001; White et al , 1996). However, if not only the perspective of the final user of a product‐system is relevant, but also the perspectives of the producer and the supply chain are, then LCC is expected to shed some light on how the costs are influenced by the structure of the manufacturing system (Artto, 1994; Shield and Young, 1991; Durairaj et al , 2002; Asiedu and Gu, 1998).…”