Abstract:Life cycle assessment (LCA) has been an important issue in the development of a circular economy. LCA is used to identify environmental impacts and hotspots associated with plywood manufacturing. Based on our results and a literature review of LCA studies involving plywood, a sustainable and environmentally friendly scenario was proposed for the plywood processing industry to improve environmental performance and sustainability. This study covers the life cycle of plywood production from a cradle-to-gate persp… Show more
“…ADP is the weighted sum of the input of metal elements, such as iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), cadmium (Cd), platinum (Pt) and ruthenium (Ru) brought by fossil energy, electricity and raw materials in the whole process, and the weight factors of different metals are different (Han et al, 2019; Jia et al, 2019). In case 1, the total ADP of 1 MJ biofuel produced is 0.0345 g antimony eq.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Detailed analysis of the RI considers emissions of PM2.5, PM10, nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides, which involve toxic chemicals on the humans (Jia et al, 2019). It can be clearly seen from Figure 2 that bio-oil production sub-process is the most contribution to the total RI of case 1, accounting for 31.15%.…”
This study aimed to evaluate the environmental impact of 1000 kg h−1 wheat straw to produce biofuel via fast pyrolysis with three different hydrogen production processes by the life cycle assessment (LCA) based on Chinese Life Cycle Database (CLCD). The primary energy depletion (PED), global warming potential (GWP), abiotic depletion potential (ADP) and respiratory inorganics (RI) impact categories of 1 MJ biofuel produced were employed for comparison. In case 1, the hydrogen was derived from natural gas steam reforming, and all the bio-oil was hydrotreated to produce the biofuel. In case 2, a part of the aqueous phase was reformed to produce hydrogen, whereas the remaining bio-oil was hydrotreated to produce biofuel. In case 3, all the aqueous phase of bio-oil was reformed to produce hydrogen, a part of hydrogen generated by reforming was used to oil phase hydrotreated and the excess hydrogen was considered as a co-product. Our results show that the PED, GWP, ADP and RI of case 3 are 0.1355 MJ, −17.96 g CO2eq., 0.0338 g antimonyeq and 0.0461 g PM2.5eq.. Compared with conventional diesel, the PED, GWP, ADP and RI of case 3 were reduced by 89.81, 117.44, 1.74 and 85.03%, respectively. The results of sub-process contribution analysis and sensitivity analysis suggested that the electricity consumption for the bio-oil production has the maximal effect on the total PED, GWP and RI of case 3, whereas the amount of fertilizers in the biomass production sub-process has the maximal effect on the total ADP.
“…ADP is the weighted sum of the input of metal elements, such as iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), cadmium (Cd), platinum (Pt) and ruthenium (Ru) brought by fossil energy, electricity and raw materials in the whole process, and the weight factors of different metals are different (Han et al, 2019; Jia et al, 2019). In case 1, the total ADP of 1 MJ biofuel produced is 0.0345 g antimony eq.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Detailed analysis of the RI considers emissions of PM2.5, PM10, nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides, which involve toxic chemicals on the humans (Jia et al, 2019). It can be clearly seen from Figure 2 that bio-oil production sub-process is the most contribution to the total RI of case 1, accounting for 31.15%.…”
This study aimed to evaluate the environmental impact of 1000 kg h−1 wheat straw to produce biofuel via fast pyrolysis with three different hydrogen production processes by the life cycle assessment (LCA) based on Chinese Life Cycle Database (CLCD). The primary energy depletion (PED), global warming potential (GWP), abiotic depletion potential (ADP) and respiratory inorganics (RI) impact categories of 1 MJ biofuel produced were employed for comparison. In case 1, the hydrogen was derived from natural gas steam reforming, and all the bio-oil was hydrotreated to produce the biofuel. In case 2, a part of the aqueous phase was reformed to produce hydrogen, whereas the remaining bio-oil was hydrotreated to produce biofuel. In case 3, all the aqueous phase of bio-oil was reformed to produce hydrogen, a part of hydrogen generated by reforming was used to oil phase hydrotreated and the excess hydrogen was considered as a co-product. Our results show that the PED, GWP, ADP and RI of case 3 are 0.1355 MJ, −17.96 g CO2eq., 0.0338 g antimonyeq and 0.0461 g PM2.5eq.. Compared with conventional diesel, the PED, GWP, ADP and RI of case 3 were reduced by 89.81, 117.44, 1.74 and 85.03%, respectively. The results of sub-process contribution analysis and sensitivity analysis suggested that the electricity consumption for the bio-oil production has the maximal effect on the total PED, GWP and RI of case 3, whereas the amount of fertilizers in the biomass production sub-process has the maximal effect on the total ADP.
“…The veneer manufacturing, including debarking, compositing (including the production of the resin), and drying, is responsible for the majority of energy depletion. 69 However, compositing releases approximately 40 % of the overall pollutants, mainly formaldehyde when using phenol-formaldehyde resins. 68,69 LCAs of plywood and hardwood production list phenol and formaldehyde as the major cause of human toxicity potential, freshwater ecotoxicity potential, terrestrial ecotoxicity potential, photochemical oxidants potential, and significant causes of marine aquatic ecotoxicity potential and abiotic depletion potential.…”
Section: Environmental Impact Of the Processmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…69 However, compositing releases approximately 40 % of the overall pollutants, mainly formaldehyde when using phenol-formaldehyde resins. 68,69 LCAs of plywood and hardwood production list phenol and formaldehyde as the major cause of human toxicity potential, freshwater ecotoxicity potential, terrestrial ecotoxicity potential, photochemical oxidants potential, and significant causes of marine aquatic ecotoxicity potential and abiotic depletion potential. 69,70 Epichlorohydrin is nevertheless also a hazardous chemical with toxic and mutagenic health effects.…”
Section: Environmental Impact Of the Processmentioning
Wood is increasingly replacing concrete to reduce CO2 emissions in buildings, but fossil-based adhesives are still being used in wood panels. Epoxidized lignin adhesives could be a potential replacement, but...
“…Hence, these materials can meet more generic needs when designing and constructing new buildings. However, there are concerns about the environmental impacts of the engineered wood production compared to lumber because of the complexity of the production processes, and the use of adhesives [3][4][5][6][7].…”
In Japan, there has been an increase in the number of buildings built using cross-laminated timber (CLT) in order to utilize the abundant forest resources in the country. However, no studies have evaluated the environmental impact of the construction of CLT buildings in Japan. This study evaluates the environmental impacts from the start of construction to the completion of a real CLT building in Kumamoto city, Kyushu region, southern Japan. We investigated the input of the materials and energy used in the construction of the building. The environmental impact categories evaluated include climate change, ozone layer depletion, eutrophication, acidification, and photochemical oxidation. We found that the concrete used for the foundations, and the cement-based soil stabilizer used for ground reinforcement accounted for 42% of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The construction site was previously used as a seedbed field, necessitating ground reinforcement. Furthermore, the large foundations were designed in order to raise the low height of the wooden structure from the ground level. Developing and applying methods with lower environmental impacts for ground reinforcement and building foundations is recommended. In addition, we found that by using biomass-derived electricity in CLT manufacturing, the environmental impacts of CLT manufacturing could be reduced, thus reducing the environmental impacts of the entire building. The biogenic carbon fixed in the wooden parts during the building usage accounted for 32% of the total GHG emissions of the building construction. Since this biogenic carbon will be released to the atmosphere at the end-of-life stage of the building, a long-term usage of the CLT buildings and/or reuse of the CLT is recommended.
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