Life cycle assessment of filament production in distributed plastic recycling via additive manufacturing

Cáceres, Cristian; Santander, Pavlo; Cruz, Fábio Souza da; Troussier, Nadège; Camargo, Mauricio; Boudaoud, Hakim

doi:10.1016/j.clwas.2023.100100

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…In general, recycled ABS led to solid amounts of hazardous particles during the printing process, a phenomenon that has been compressed with the use of PLA for AM processes [134]. LCA analysis of PLA recycling stated that there is 97% less impact in the aforementioned categories but in France and USA increased impact on the Ion radiation was observed due to the energy generation from nuclear plants in these regions [135]. Further research on the effect of recycling on environmental impact must be conducted to address the embodiment of polymeric composites in AM.…”

Section: Life Cycle Assessment Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Performance of Recycled 3D Printed Sustainable Polymer-Based Composites: A Literature Review

Kyriakidis,

Kladovasilakis,

Pechlivani

et al. 2024

J. Compos. Sci.

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The development of efficient waste valorization strategies has emerged as an important field in the overall efforts for alignment with the environmental goals that have been set by the European Union (EU) Green Deal regarding the development of sustainable circular economy models. Additive manufacturing has emerged as a sustainable method for secondary life product development with the main advantages of it being a form of net-zero waste production and having the ability to successfully transport complex design to actual products finding applications in the industry for rapid prototyping or for tailored products. The insertion of eco-friendly sustainable materials in these processes can lead to significant reduction in material footprints and lower energy demands for the manufacturing process, helping achieve Sustainable Development Goal 12 (SDG12) set by the EU for responsible production and consumption. The aim of this comprehensive review is to state the existing progress regarding the incorporation of sustainable polymeric composite materials in additive manufacturing (AM) processes and identify possible gaps for further research. In this context, a comprehensive presentation of the reacquired materials coming from urban and industrial waste valorization processes and that are used to produce sustainable composites is made. Then, an assessment of the printability and the mechanical response of the constructed composites is made, by taking into consideration some key thermal, rheological and mechanical properties (e.g., viscosity, melting and degradation temperature, tensile and impact strength). Finally, existing life cycle analysis results are presented regarding overall energy demands and environmental footprint during the waste-to-feedstock and the manufacturing processes. A lack of scientific research was observed, regarding the manifestation of novel evaluation techniques such as dynamic mechanical analysis and impact testing. Assessing the dynamic response is vital for evaluating whether these types of composites are adequate for upscaling and use in real life applications.

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Section: Life Cycle Assessment Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Performance of Recycled 3D Printed Sustainable Polymer-Based Composites: A Literature Review

Kyriakidis,

Kladovasilakis,

Pechlivani

et al. 2024

J. Compos. Sci.

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“…To illustrate, developing standardized material standards in AM can help simplify the DRAM cycle. The utilization of pyrolysis in a more efficient way is necessary for the mitigation of energy consumption rates [30]. The development of the recycled filament market is also essential, which can only be achieved by working collaboratively with end users and manufacturers such as RePLAy 3D, GreenGate 3D, and Filamentive.…”

Section: Vmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circular Economy Advancements in Additive Manufacturing and Polymer Waste Recycling: Reshaping Sustainability

2023

IJRASET

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Additive manufacturing is an exponentially growing sector that utilizes a lesser number of materials to create numerous products with the aid of Computer-Aided Design (CAD). Over the years, the adoption rate of polymer filaments in 3D printing has radically increased due to their user-friendliness and molecular properties. However, there are still different ways in which waste can be generated from 3D printing. This paper explores different aspects of ongoing studies to discuss efficacious solutions for closed-loop recycling systems in Distributed Recycling and Additive Manufacturing (DRAM). Concurrently, it probes for different additives that can reinforce the molecular structure of polymers, promoting repeated recycling. On the contrary, the existing papers have only explored the basic phases of the DRAM process. The implementation of closed-loop recycling can revolutionize the manufacturing sector by reducing overall Bourne costs and labor. Moreover, the proposal of compatibility of the DRAM process with different printing technologies, along with the effective implementation of additives, can provide integral benefits. Furthermore, the comparison of pure filaments and recycled filaments used for AM has helped us analyze the economic feasibility and energy recycling elements deployed for polymer wastes. Hence, the contemplation of the pyrolysis process has pontificated the necessity of various catalysts to increase the gasoline and diesel percentage in polymer waste recycling.

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“…The developed method may be a way of managing waste that is difficult to reuse in the production of other types of foil for this reason. Obvious issues related to the LCA analysis of FDM filament products, estimation of the level of energy consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions might be a broad topic for discussion [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ], but such a complex analysis was not the main topic of this research work. A detailed analysis could obviously help in accurately assessing the impact of the addition of foil to the tested polymer materials, but, from the point of view of the end user, the more important information is the functional properties that can be obtained for the developed materials [ 32 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Development of Sustainable Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol-Based (PETG) Blends for Additive Manufacturing Processing—The Use of Multilayered Foil Waste as the Blend Component

Garwacki,

Cudnik,

Dziadowiec

et al. 2024

Materials

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The polymer foil industry is one of the leading producers of plastic waste. The development of new recycling methods for packaging products is one of the biggest demands in today’s engineering. The subject of this research was the melt processing of multilayered PET-based foil waste with PETG copolymer. The resulting blends were intended for additive manufacturing processing using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method. In order to improve the properties of the developed materials, the blends compounding procedure was conducted with the addition of a reactive chain extender (CE) and elastomeric copolymer used as an impact modifier (IM). The samples were manufactured using the 3D printing technique and, for comparison, using the traditional injection molding method. The obtained samples were subjected to a detailed characterization procedure, including mechanical performance evaluation, thermal analysis, and rheological measurements. This research confirms that PET-based film waste can be successfully used for the production of filament, and for most samples, the FDM printing process can be conducted without any difficulties. Unfortunately, the unmodified blends are characterized by brittleness, which makes it necessary to use an elastomer additive (IM). The presence of a semicrystalline PET phase improves the thermal resistance of the prepared blends; however, an annealing procedure is required for this purpose.

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Life cycle assessment of filament production in distributed plastic recycling via additive manufacturing

Cited by 9 publications

References 75 publications

Mechanical Performance of Recycled 3D Printed Sustainable Polymer-Based Composites: A Literature Review

Mechanical Performance of Recycled 3D Printed Sustainable Polymer-Based Composites: A Literature Review

Circular Economy Advancements in Additive Manufacturing and Polymer Waste Recycling: Reshaping Sustainability

The Development of Sustainable Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol-Based (PETG) Blends for Additive Manufacturing Processing—The Use of Multilayered Foil Waste as the Blend Component

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