Life-cycle assessment and life-cycle cost analysis of decentralised rainwater harvesting, greywater recycling and hybrid rainwater-greywater systems

Leong, Janet Yip Cheng; Balan, Poovarasi; Chong, Meng Nan; Poh, Phaik Eong

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.046

Cited by 47 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Compared to previous published results, the present findings exceed the reported 28.7-34.8% savings (Ghisi and Ferreira 2007), but fall short of estimates between 74 and 100% reported in another work (Leong et al 2019), which is probably due to difference in the use patterns and measurement methodology.…”

Section: Detailed Discussion Scenariocontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…A study covering both greywater, rainwater and hybrid reuse systems used metered monthly total consumption and statistical average consumption together with literature data on detailed end-usage to derive per appliance consumption. In this study, 95.3, 92.1%, and 100% non-potable mains water savings (toilet flushing and irrigation) were reported for RWH, GWR and HRG systems respectively (Leong et al 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 53%

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Water and energy savings from greywater reuse: a modelling scheme using disaggregated consumption data

Knutsson

2020

Int J Energ Water Res

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Municipal drinking water supplies are under great stress globally, and one way to mitigate the problems is the reutilization of wastewater in various settings. In this paper, a greywater reuse scheme and the impact of system design and configuration on water and energy savings are investigated. The objective of the paper was to investigate the impact of hydraulic design and performance of a greywater treatment and reuse system on water and energy savings. A simulation model was created based on real, disaggregated water consumption data that predicts the reuse potential. Three scenarios were investigated; (1) greywater collection from the bathroom and reuse for toilet flushing, (2) greywater collection from bathroom sinks and showers, and reuse as hot water for sinks and showers, and (3) a combination of (1) and (2) where greywater collection from bathroom sinks and showers is used for toilet flushing, sinks and shower. The results indicate hot water reductions between 55.6 and 58.2%, while cold water reductions ranged from 5.8 to 30.6%. Reductions in energy for producing hot water between 43.5 and 46.8% were observed. Recommendations per connected user for hydraulic design ranged from 0.033 to 0.1 dm3 min−1, 3 dm3, and 0.7–10 dm3 for treatment capacity, collection and holding tank volume.

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Section: Detailed Discussion Scenariocontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Water and energy savings from greywater reuse: a modelling scheme using disaggregated consumption data

Knutsson

2020

Int J Energ Water Res

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“…A similar study has also been conducted for agriculture water demand, where RWHS had better performance in ozone depletion (67%) and energy saving (78%) than well water irrigation. The finding was found to be similar to the case study by Leong et al [103], where RWHS emerges as having the lowest environmental impact (least energy consumption) from the conventional water supply compared to greywater recycling and a hybrid rainwater-greywater system. Depending on the location of the storage system, using RWHS in the application of RHS and PHS has slightly reduced the usage of electricity including the energy consumption if compared to high electricity usage of the conventional water supply.…”

Section: Energy Savingsupporting

confidence: 86%

A Review of Roof and Pond Rainwater Harvesting Systems for Water Security: The Design, Performance and Way Forward

Zabidi

Goh

Chang

et al. 2020

Water

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Rapid urbanization, population explosion and climate change have threatened water security globally, regionally and locally. While there are many ways of addressing these problems, one of the innovative techniques is the recent employment of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) which include rainwater harvesting systems (RWHS). Therefore, this paper reviews the design and component of two types of RWHS, the namely roof harvesting system (RHS) and the pond harvesting system (PHS). The performance in terms of quantity and quality of collected rainwater and energy consumption for RWHS with different capacities were evaluated, as well as the benefits and challenges particularly in environmental, economic and social aspects. Presently, the RHS is more commonly applied but its effectiveness is limited by its small scale. The PHS is of larger scale and has greater potentials and effectiveness as an alternative water supply system. Results also indicate the many advantages of the PHS especially in terms of economics, environmental aspects and volume of water harvested. While the RHS may be suited to individual or existing buildings, the PHS has greater potentials and should be applied in newly developed urban areas with wet equatorial climate.

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“…Wastewater contains toxic microorganisms and heavy metals, such as chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg), which can induce severe risks to plant, human, and the environment [3]. However, rainwater harvesting, greywater recycling, and hybrid rainwater-greywater systems are less harmful to the environment and can mitigate urban water scarcity at both domestic residential dwelling and commercial building scales [1,4]. The hybrid rainwater harvesting-greywater systems had the highest mains water savings (55.3%), lowest environmental impact, and was the second-fastest system to become financially effective at USD 5.20 m −3 (rainwater harvesting, USD 2.00 m −3 ) when compared to centralized mains water system [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Assessment of Treated Greywater Reuse in Irrigation on Growth and Protein Content of Prosopis and Albizia

et al. 2021

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This study investigated the influence of treated greywater on growth and protein content of multipurpose (forage and ornamental) transplants, Prosopis juliflora L., Prosopis tamarugo L., and Albizia lebbeck L. Transplants of tested species were irrigated with treated greywater, diluted greywater (grey + distilled water, 1:1/by volume), and distilled water (control) for seven months. Water quality analysis showed that the concentrations of nutrients and heavy metals found in the greywater were within the acceptable range compared with Jordan Institution for Standard and Metrology (JISM) and the World Health Organization (WHO) thresholds for safe use of greywater. Escherichia coli found in the greywater were lower compared to JISM and WHO guidelines for the safe use of greywater. Irrigation with treated greywater increased shoot fresh weight by 24–39% and dry weight by 34–40% compared to diluted greywater and control. No significant difference in crude protein was noticed between water treatments. Prosopis species (P. juliflora Albizia lebbeck L. and P. tamarugo Albizia lebbeck L.) had higher shoot fresh (35%) and dry weight the same species had lower crude protein (44%) when compared to Albizia lebbeck Albizia lebbeck L. The reuse of treated greywater for landscaping or forage production alleviates the demand for water resources and reduces the pressure on wastewater treatment plants. However, considering the controversial findings of previous studies on greywater quality (especially, long-term reuse), the reuse of treated greywater needs to be considered with caution and periodic quality analyses and economic assessments are required.

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Life-cycle assessment and life-cycle cost analysis of decentralised rainwater harvesting, greywater recycling and hybrid rainwater-greywater systems

Cited by 47 publications

References 34 publications

Water and energy savings from greywater reuse: a modelling scheme using disaggregated consumption data

Water and energy savings from greywater reuse: a modelling scheme using disaggregated consumption data

A Review of Roof and Pond Rainwater Harvesting Systems for Water Security: The Design, Performance and Way Forward

An Assessment of Treated Greywater Reuse in Irrigation on Growth and Protein Content of Prosopis and Albizia

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