Life after the game – Injury profile of past elite Australian Football players

King, Tyler; Rosenberg, Michael; Braham, Rebecca; Ferguson, R.; Dawson, Brian

doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2012.09.003

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…To date, studies on concussion in AF, at both the elite and amateur levels, have only presented hospital admission rates, or data on players' self-reported concussions. [11][12][13][14]39 King et al 14 reported that 73% of retired AF players who had played at the highest levels (AFL) recounted having had at least one concussion during their playing career. Further, more than half of these players reported having had multiple concussions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9,10 However, to date, research has been limited to data gathered from hospital admissions [11][12][13] or self-reported experiences of concussion in former elite players. 14 There have been no studies investigating the neurobiological outcomes of concussion in AF, despite the Australian Football League (AFL) Medical Officers Association 15 estimating that there will be six to seven concussions per team per season.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Long-Term Effects of Sports Concussion on Retired Australian Football Players: A Study Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Pearce

Hoy

Rogers

et al. 2014

Journal of Neurotrauma

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This study investigated corticomotor excitability and inhibition, cognitive functioning, and fine motor dexterity in retired elite and amateur Australian football (AF) players who had sustained concussions during their playing careers. Forty male AF players who played at the elite level (n=20; mean age 49.7±5.7 years) or amateur level (n=20; mean age 48.4±6.9 years), and had sustained on average 3.2 concussions 21.9 years previously, were compared with 20 healthy age-matched male controls (mean age 47.56±6.85 years). All participants completed assessments of fine dexterity, visuomotor reaction time, spatial working memory (SWM), and associative learning (AL). Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to measure corticospinal excitability: stimulus-response (SR) curves and motor evoked potential (MEP) 125% of active motor threshold (aMT); and intracortical inhibition: cortical silent period (cSP), short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), and long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI). Healthy participants performed better in dexterity (p=0.003), reaction (p=0.003), and movement time (p=0.037) than did both AF groups. Differences between AF groups were found in AL (p=0.027) and SWM (p=0.024). TMS measures revealed that both AF groups showed reduced cSP duration at 125% aMT (p>0.001) and differences in SR curves (p>0.001) than did healthy controls. Similarly, SICI (p=0.012) and LICI (p=0.009) were reduced in both AF groups compared with controls. Regression analyses revealed a significant contribution to differences in motor outcomes with the three measures of intracortical inhibition. The measures of inhibition differed, however, in terms of which performance measure they had a significant and unique predictive relationship with, reflecting the variety of participant concussion injuries. This study is the first to demonstrate differences in motor control and intracortical inhibition in AF players who had sustained concussions during their playing career two decades previously.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Long-Term Effects of Sports Concussion on Retired Australian Football Players: A Study Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Pearce

Hoy

Rogers

et al. 2014

Journal of Neurotrauma

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Given the high recurrence and ongoing medical costs associated with such injuries, future researchers should investigate risk factors for lower limb injuries in Gaelic games. 1,2,5,6,7 Knee injuries accounted for 20.0% of 6855 claims in 2007 and 33.4% of 6283 claims in 2014. This equates to an increase of 13.3%, or 727 claims.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of retired Australian Football League players, 64% reported being affected daily by previous injuries, with 60% requiring ongoing treatment. 5 Osteoarthritis occurred in 51% of patients 10 years after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, with a rate of 95% after 15-20 years. 6 A total of 17% of former professional soccer players with knee and ankle osteoarthritis reported pain during walking and climbing stairs; 28% noted discomfort while working.…”

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confidence: 99%

Injury Scheme Claims in Gaelic Games: A Review of 2007–2014

Roe

Blake

Gissane

et al. 2016

Journal of Athletic Training

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“…The momentum has gathered in Australia in recent times with increased media attention and retired footballers now complaining publically about their cognitive decline and suggested links to their professional football careers [43]. Since 2009, the issue has evolved to reach a point where interdisciplinary collaborative opportunities for reform can deliver better outcomes for all constituencies.…”

Section: Interventions In Future Concussion Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Custodians of the Game: Ethical Considerations for Football Governing Bodies in Regulating Concussion Management

Greenhow

East²

2014

Neuroethics

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Concussion in professional football is a topic that has generated a significant amount of interest for many years, partly due in recent times to the filing of the class-action litigation and the uncapped compensation injury fund and settlement involving 4,500 retired professional players and the National Football League (NFL). The proceedings claimed that the NFL, as the governing body of American football, failed in its duty to protect players' health during their professional playing careers by exposing players to risks of repetitive concussions and actively concealing links to potential long-term consequences. The NFL litigation sharpened the focus on the fundamental regulatory, governance and ethical considerations for football governing bodies, as self-regulated organisations, when governing the delicate balance between the dynamics of contact and collision sports, entertainment and player-health considerations. It also raised questions about public accountability and responsibilities to all levels of the sport through a framework of public health ethics. The NFL litigation and Congressional hearings have led to changes within the NFL and its regulatory and governance responses. A case study of the NFL responses to concussion in the sport of American football can provide insight into concussion regulation. Australian football governing bodies can align their regulatory and governance responses to concussion within their sports with the aim to avoid similar accusations, and circumvent a more coercive form of intervention.

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Life after the game – Injury profile of past elite Australian Football players

Cited by 13 publications

References 13 publications

The Long-Term Effects of Sports Concussion on Retired Australian Football Players: A Study Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

The Long-Term Effects of Sports Concussion on Retired Australian Football Players: A Study Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Injury Scheme Claims in Gaelic Games: A Review of 2007–2014

Custodians of the Game: Ethical Considerations for Football Governing Bodies in Regulating Concussion Management

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