Lidar-Measured Wind Profiles: The Missing Link in the Global Observing System

Baker, W. E.; Atlas, Robert; Cardinali, Carla; Clement, A. C.; Emmitt, G. D.; Gentry, Bruce M.; Hardesty, R. Michael; Källén, Erland; Kavaya, Michael J.; Langland, Rolf H.; Ma, Zhifeng; Masutani, Michiko; McCarty, Will; Pierce, R. Bradley; Pu, Zhaoxia; Riishøjgaard, Lars Peter; Ryan, J. M.; Tucker, S. C.; Weißmann, Martin; Yoe, James G.

doi:10.1175/bams-d-12-00164.1

Cited by 161 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…The ozone is advected along with these features, with relatively high (low) ozone in the anticyclone (cyclone). The westward flow in the SH is consistent with the easterly summer flow in the middle stratosphere (Andrews et al, 1987). Additional maps of potential vorticity and ozone for this TR are provided in Fig.…”

Section: Truth Runsupporting

confidence: 65%

“…Upper air wind observations from radiosondes, pilot reports, and cloud and water-vapor feature tracking leave large gaps, particularly in the tropics, Southern Ocean, and in most of the stratosphere and mesosphere. Spaceborne Doppler wind lidar (DWL) has been proposed as the potential "missing link" in the GOS (Baker et al, 2014). When placed in low earth orbit, DWL can provide daily global wind profiles throughout the troposphere and lower stratosphere (National Research Council, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wind extraction potential from ensemble Kalman filter assimilation of stratospheric ozone using a global shallow water model

2015

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Abstract. The feasibility of extracting wind information from stratospheric ozone observations is tested using ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) data assimilation (DA) and a global shallow water model that includes advection of an ozone-like tracer. Simulated observations are created from a truth run (TR) that resembles the Northern Hemisphere winter stratosphere with a polar vortex disturbed by planetaryscale wave forcing. Ozone observations mimic sampling of a polar-orbiting satellite, while geopotential height observations are randomly placed in space and time. EnKF experiments are performed assimilating ozone, height, or both, over a 10-day period. The DA is also implemented using two different pairs of flow variables: zonal and meridional wind (EnKF-uv) and stream function and velocity potential (EnKF-ψχ ). Each experiment is tuned for optimal localization length, while the ensemble spread is adaptively inflated using the TR. The experiments are evaluated using the maximum wind extraction potential (WEP). Ozone only assimilation improves winds (WEP = 46 % for EnKF-uv, and 58 % for EnKF-ψχ ), but suffers from spurious gravity wave generation. Application of nonlinear normal mode initialization (NMI) greatly reduces the unwanted imbalance and increases the WEP for EnKF-uv (84 %) and EnKF-ψχ (81 %). Assimilation of only height observations also improved the winds (WEP = 60 % for EnKF-uv, and 69 % for EnKF-ψχ ), with much less imbalance compared to the ozone experiment. The assimilation of both height and ozone performed the best, with WEP increasing to ∼ 87 % (∼ 90 % with NMI) for both EnKF-uv and EnKF-ψχ , demonstrating that wind extraction from ozone assimilation can be beneficial even in a data-rich environment. Ozone assimilation particularly improves the tropical winds, which are not well constrained by height observations due to lack of geostrophy.

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Section: Truth Runsupporting

confidence: 65%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wind extraction potential from ensemble Kalman filter assimilation of stratospheric ozone using a global shallow water model

2015

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“…Baker et al, 2014). Podglajen et al (2014) compare reanalyses winds with independent in situ observations performed along long-duration balloon flights.…”

Section: Summary and Concluding Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Representation of the tropical stratospheric zonal wind in global atmospheric reanalyses

et al. 2016

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Abstract. This paper reports on a project to compare the representation of the monthly-mean zonal wind in the equatorial stratosphere among major global atmospheric reanalysis data sets. The degree of disagreement among the reanalyses is characterized by the standard deviation (SD) of the monthly-mean zonal wind and this depends on latitude, longitude, height, and the phase of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). At each height the SD displays a prominent equatorial maximum, indicating the particularly challenging nature of the reanalysis problem in the low-latitude stratosphere. At 50-70 hPa the geographical distributions of SD are closely related to the density of radiosonde observations. The largest SD values are over the central Pacific, where few in situ observations are available. At 10-20 hPa the spread among the reanalyses and differences with in situ observations both depend significantly on the QBO phase. Notably the easterly-to-westerly phase transitions in all the reanalyses except MERRA are delayed relative to those directly observed in Singapore. In addition, the timing of the easterlyto-westerly phase transitions displays considerable variability among the different reanalyses and this spread is much larger than for the timing of the westerly-to-easterly phase changes. The eddy component in the monthly-mean zonal wind near the Equator is dominated by zonal wavenumber 1 and 2 quasi-stationary planetary waves propagating from midlatitudes in the westerly phase of the QBO. There generally is considerable disagreement among the reanalyses in the details of the quasi-stationary waves near the Equator. At each level, there is a tendency for the agreement to be best near the longitude of Singapore, suggesting that the Singapore observations act as a strong constraint on all the reanalyses. Our measures of the quality of the reanalysis clearly show systematic improvement over the period considered . The SD among the reanalysis declines significantly over the record, although the geographical pattern of SD remains nearly constant.

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“…CC BY 4.0 License. of ESA's Living Planet Programme, Aeolus will significantly contribute to the improvement in numerical weather prediction (NWP), as it will close the gaps in the wind data coverage, especially over the oceans, which has been identified as one of the major deficiencies in the current Global Observing System (Baker et al, 2014;Andersson, 2016). For this purpose, it will provide one line-of-sight (LOS) component of the horizontal wind vector from ground throughout the troposphere up to the lower stratosphere (about 27 km) with a vertical resolution of 0.25 km to 2 km depending on altitude and precision of 1 m·s -1 5 to 3 m·s -1 (ESA, 2016;Reitebuch, 2012b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne wind lidar observations over the North Atlantic in 2016 for the pre-launch validation of the satellite mission Aeolus

Lux¹,

Lemmerz²,

Weiler³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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The paper also highlights the relevance of accurate ground detection for the Rayleigh and Mie response calibration and wind retrieval. Using a detection scheme developed for the NAWDEX campaign, the obtained ground return signals are exploited for the correction of systematic wind errors. Validation of the instrument performance and retrieval algorithms was conducted by comparison with DLR's coherent wind lidar which was operated in parallel, showing a systematic error of the A2D LOS winds of less than 0.5 m·s -1 and random errors from 1.5 m·s -1 (Mie) to 2.7 m·s -1 (Rayleigh). 20

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Lidar-Measured Wind Profiles: The Missing Link in the Global Observing System

Abstract: Doppler lidar technology has advanced to the point where wind measurements can be made with confidence from space, thus filling a major gap in the global observing system.

Cited by 161 publications

References 98 publications

Wind extraction potential from ensemble Kalman filter assimilation of stratospheric ozone using a global shallow water model

Wind extraction potential from ensemble Kalman filter assimilation of stratospheric ozone using a global shallow water model

Representation of the tropical stratospheric zonal wind in global atmospheric reanalyses

Airborne wind lidar observations over the North Atlantic in 2016 for the pre-launch validation of the satellite mission Aeolus

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